Fig. 5
Contours of radial vorticity at 95% span for E3 rotor B as stall occurs with: (a) Datum, 1.8% chord, tip clearance, ϕstall = 0.370 and (b) zero tip clearance, ϕstall = 0.347. (a) Spillage of the tip leakage jet in front of the leading edge creates propagating vortical structures. These structures grow until they cause leading edge separation. (b) Casing corner separations grow on blades four and five, causing leading edge separation of blade six.

Contours of radial vorticity at 95% span for E3 rotor B as stall occurs with: (a) Datum, 1.8% chord, tip clearance, ϕstall = 0.370 and (b) zero tip clearance, ϕstall = 0.347. (a) Spillage of the tip leakage jet in front of the leading edge creates propagating vortical structures. These structures grow until they cause leading edge separation. (b) Casing corner separations grow on blades four and five, causing leading edge separation of blade six.

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