Photographs of the single-ball rotor arrangement for simulation of the motion of laminar propulsive actuators of extremely small organisms, such as the cilia of paramecia, with a time sequence plot of the motion of a biological cilium that demonstrates that the oscillator can reproduce the oscillation of the pivot of the cilium shown in Fig. 1(a): (a) internal view of the single-ball rotor; (b) internal view of the stator, showing (⁠$ϕ,θ$⁠) axes; and (c) processed time sequences (marked 1–40) of the motion of a biological cilium projected on the body surface of a paramecium [23], which shows the correspondence of the (⁠$ϕ,θ$⁠) motions in (b) and (c)