Fig. 1
The ball-and-socket pivot of propulsive actuators is present in swimming animals from the very small (a) cilium of a paramecium to the very large and (b) pectoral fins of a dolphin. The angular markings in the dolphin sketch indicate the presence of a virtual origin of the mechanical oscillator.

The ball-and-socket pivot of propulsive actuators is present in swimming animals from the very small (a) cilium of a paramecium to the very large and (b) pectoral fins of a dolphin. The angular markings in the dolphin sketch indicate the presence of a virtual origin of the mechanical oscillator.

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