Effect of typical Li-ion battery electrode microstructures on the impedance and thermal response [161,164]. (a) and (b) Variation in active material mean particle size and size distribution significantly affects the interfacial resistance and impedance response. (c) Electrode porosity plays an important role in electrolyte phase resistance and hence cell temperature rise due to Joule heating. (a) Effect of active material size distribution on EIS (reproduced with permission from Cho et al. [161], copyright 2015 by PCCP, Royal Society of Chemistry), (b) effect of mean particle size on EIS (reproduced with permission from Chen and Mukherjee [164], copyright 2015 by Royal Society of Chemistry), and (c) effect of electrode microstructure on performance and temperature rise.