Fig. 1 Elastic plate with a U-notch under various far-field loads More about this image found in Elastic plate with a U-notch under various far-field loads

Fig. 2 Local coordinates for an elastic plate with a circular stress-free arc and antisymmetry conditions, and extreme stress locations under shear loading More about this image found in Local coordinates for an elastic plate with a circular stress-free arc and ...

Fig. 3 Geometry, coordinates, and initial mesh for half of a U-notch under shear More about this image found in Geometry, coordinates, and initial mesh for half of a U-notch under shear

Fig. 4 Comparisons of hoop stresses: ( a ) variation with r and ( b )variation with θ More about this image found in Comparisons of hoop stresses: ( a ) variation with r and ( b )variati...

Fig. 5 Stress contours for the TTP's: ( a ) σ θ / τ and ( b ) τ r θ / τ More about this image found in Stress contours for the TTP's: ( a ) σ θ / τ and ( b...

Fig. 6 Comparisons of shear stresses: ( a ) variation with r and ( b )variation with θ More about this image found in Comparisons of shear stresses: ( a ) variation with r and ( b )variat...

Fig. 1 A 3D model of the X70 pipe and TNT location (top left), and the geometry after the meshing process (bottom left), the zoom-up of the refinement mesh (right) More about this image found in A 3D model of the X70 pipe and TNT location (top left), and the geometry af...

Fig. 2 Selected cases from the mesh independence study showing the geometry after the meshing process More about this image found in Selected cases from the mesh independence study showing the geometry after ...

Fig. 3 The deformation (haft-left) comparing between the cases using coarse and the medium meshes More about this image found in The deformation (haft-left) comparing between the cases using coarse and th...

Fig. 4 The deformation (haft-left) comparing between the cases using very fine and the ultrafine meshes More about this image found in The deformation (haft-left) comparing between the cases using very fine and...

Fig. 5 The maximum deformation of outer (left) and inner (right) surfaces using different total mesh (mesh independence study) More about this image found in The maximum deformation of outer (left) and inner (right) surfaces using di...

Fig. 6 Deformations on pipe surfaces of case 1 (1.46 cm-thickness and 0.2 kg-TNT): ( a ) local pitting (experiment), ( b ) predicted damage (outer surface), ( c ) surface deformation depth (benchmarking), and ( d ) predicted damage (inner surface) More about this image found in Deformations on pipe surfaces of case 1 (1.46 cm-thickness and 0.2 kg-TNT):...

Fig. 7 The deformation comparisons between numerical and experimental results (case 1) More about this image found in The deformation comparisons between numerical and experimental results (cas...

Fig. 8 Deformations on the pipe surface of case 2 (1.46 cm-thickness and 5.0 kg-TNT): ( a ) completely torn (experiment), ( b ) predicted damage (outer surface), ( c ) local edge after tearing (experiment), and ( d ) predicted damage (inner surface) More about this image found in Deformations on the pipe surface of case 2 (1.46 cm-thickness and 5.0 kg-TN...

Fig. 9 Deformations on pipe surface of case 3 (2.62 cm-thickness and 0.8 kg-TNT): ( a ) local pitting (experiment), ( b ) predicted damage (outer surface), ( c ) local spallation (experiment), and ( d ) predicted damage (inner surface) More about this image found in Deformations on pipe surface of case 3 (2.62 cm-thickness and 0.8 kg-TNT): ...

Fig. 10 The deformation comparisons between numerical and experimental results (case 3) More about this image found in The deformation comparisons between numerical and experimental results (cas...