In this two-part paper, the investigation of condensation in the impeller of radial turbines is discussed. In Paper I, a solution strategy for the investigation of condensation in radial turbines using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods is presented. In Paper II, the investigation methodology is applied to a radial turbine type series that is used for waste heat recovery. First, the basic CFD approach for the calculation of the gas-droplet-liquid-film flow is introduced. Thereafter, the equations connecting the subparts are explained and a validation of the models is performed. Finally, in Paper I, condensation phenomena for a selected radial turbine impeller are discussed on a qualitative basis. Paper II continues with a detailed quantitative analyses. The aim of Paper I is to explain the models that are necessary to study condensation in radial turbines and to validate the implementation against available experiments conducted on isolated effects. This study aims to develop a procedure that is applicable for investigation of condensation in radial turbines. Furthermore, the main processes occurring in a radial turbine once the steam temperature is below the saturation temperature are explained and analyzed.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Schuster
, S.
, 2016
, Untersuchung Der Entstehung Und Bewegung Von Flüssigkeitsansammlungen Auf Radialturbinenlaufradschaufeln Mit Einem Erweiterten Navier-Stokes-Löser
, Shaker Verlag
, Aachen, Germany
.2.
Schuster
, S.
, Brillert
, D.
, and Benra
, F.-K.
, 2017
, “Condensation in Radial Turbines—Part II: Application of the Mathematical Model to a Radial Turbine Series
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, accepted.3.
Baumann
, K.
, 1912
, “Recent Developments in Steam Turbine Practice
,” J. Inst. Electr. Eng.
, 48
(213
), pp. 768
–842
.4.
Gyarmathy
, G.
, 1962
, “Grundlagen einer Theorie der Nassdampfturbine
,” Diss. Techn.Wiss. ETH Zürich, Nr. 3221. Ref.: Traupel, W.; Korref.: Ackeret, J–Zürich, 3221, Zürich, Switzerland.5.
Bakhtar
, F.
, Young
, J. B.
, White
, A. J.
, and Simpson
, D. A.
, 2005
, “Classical Nucleation Theory and Its Application to Condensing Steam Flow Calculations
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci.
, 219
(12
), pp. 1315
–1333
.6.
Moore
, M. J.
, Walters
, P. T.
, Crane
, R. I.
, and Davidson
, B. J.
, 1973
, “Predicting the Fog-Drop Size in Wet-Steam Turbines
,” Instn. Mech. Engrs., Conference Publication 3, Paper No. C37/73.7.
Gyarmathy
, G.
, 2005
, “Nucleation of Steam in High-Pressure Nozzle Experiments
,” Sixth Conference on Turbomachinery: Fluid Dynamics and Thermodynamics
, Lille, France, Mar. 7–11, pp. 1–12.8.
Dorey
, J. M.
, Stanciu
, M.
, Ren
, K. F.
, Marechal
, J. P.
, Morel
, P.
, David
, L.
, and Fendler
, Y.
, 2011
, “Steam Condensation Experiments in Three Homothetic Nozzles
,” Ninth European Conference on Turbomachinery
, Vol. 2
, pp. 1003
–1015
.9.
Bakhtar
, F.
, Webb
, R. A.
, Shojaee-Fard
, M. H.
, and Siraj
, M. A.
, 1993
, “An Investigation of Nucleating Flows of Steam in a Cascade of Turbine Blading
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 115
(1
), pp. 128
–134
.10.
Bakhtar
, F.
, Mamat
, Z. A.
, Jadayel
, O. C.
, and Mahpeykar
, M. R.
, 2009
, “On the Performance of a Cascade of Improved Turbine Nozzle Blades in Nucleating Steam—Part 1: Surface Pressure Distributions
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci.
, 223
(8
), pp. 1903
–1914
.11.
White
, A. J.
, Young
, J. B.
, and Walters
, P. T.
, 1996
, “Experimental Validation of Condensing Flow Theory for a Stationary Cascade of Steam Turbine Blades
,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A: Math., Phys. Eng. Sci.
, 354
(1704
), pp. 59
–88
.12.
White
, A. J.
, 2003
, “A Comparison of Modelling Methods for Polydispersed Wet-Steam Flow
,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng.
, 57
(6
), pp. 819
–834
.13.
Yau
, K. K.
, and Young
, J. B.
, 1987
, “The Deposition of Fog Droplets on Steam Turbine Blades by Turbulent Diffusion
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 109
(3
), pp. 429
–435
.14.
Young
, J. B.
, and Yau
, K. K.
, 1988
, “The Inertial Deposition of Fog Droplets on Steam Turbine Blades
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 110
(2
), pp. 155
–162
.15.
Crane
, R. I.
, 2004
, “Droplet Deposition in Steam Turbines
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part C: J. Mech. Eng. Sci.
, 218
(8
), pp. 859
–870
.16.
Starzmann
, J.
, Casey
, M. V.
, and Mayer
, J. F.
, 2013
, “Water Droplet Flow Paths and Droplet Deposition in Low Pressure Steam Turbines
,” High Perform. Comput. Sci.
, 12
, pp. 351
–365
.17.
Starzmann
, J.
, Kaluza
, P.
, Casey
, M. V.
, and Sieverding
, F.
, 2013
, “On Kinematic Relaxation and Deposition of Water Droplets in the Last Stages of Low Pressure Steam Turbines
,” ASME
Paper No. GT2013-95179.18.
Young
, J. B.
, Yau
, K. K.
, and Walters
, P. T.
, 1988
, “Fog Droplet Deposition and Coarse Water Formation in Low-Pressure Steam Turbines: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Analysis
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 110
(2
), pp. 163
–172
.19.
Williams
, J.
, and Young
, J. B.
, 2007
, “Movement of Deposited Water on Turbomachinery Rotor Blade Surfaces
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 129
(2
), pp. 394
–403
.20.
Stanton
, D. W.
, and Rutland
, C. J.
, 1998
, “Multi-Dimensional Modeling of Thin Liquid Films and Spray-Wall Interactions Resulting From Impinging Sprays
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 41
(20
), pp. 3037
–3054
.21.
Sattelmayer
, T. F.
, 1985
, Zum Einfluss der ausgebildeten, turbulenten Luft-Flüssigkeitsfilm-Strömung auf den Filmzerfall und die Tropfenbildung am Austritt von Spalten geringer Höhe
, Diss.–Karlsruhe, Germany
.22.
Arienti
, M.
, Wang
, L.
, Corn
, M.
, Li
, X.
, Soteriou
, M. C.
, Shedd
, T. A.
, and Herrmann
, M.
, 2011
, “Modeling Wall Film Formation and Breakup Using an Integrated Interface-Tracking/Discrete-Phase Approach
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
, 133
(3
), pp. 1–7.23.
Gepperth
, S.
, Müller
, A.
, Koch
, R.
, and Bauer
, H.-J.
, 2012
, “Ligament and Droplet Characteristics in Prefilming Airblast Atomization
,” 12th Triennial International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems (ICLASS)
, Heidelberg, Germany, Sept. 2–6.24.
Hinze
, J. O.
, 1949
, “Critical Speeds and Sizes of Liquid Globules
,” Appl. Sci. Res.
, 1
(1
), pp. 273
–288
.25.
Pilch
, M.
, and Erdman
, C. A.
, 1987
, “Use of Breakup Time Data and Velocity History Data to Predict the Maximum Size of Stable Fragments for Acceleration-Induced Breakup of a Liquid Drop
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 13
(6
), pp. 741
–757
.26.
Crowe
, C. T.
, Sharma
, M. P.
, and Stock
, D. E.
, 1977
, “Particle-Source-in Cell (Psi-Cell) Model for Gas-Droplet Flows
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 99
(2
), pp. 325
–332
.27.
Abraham
, F. F.
, 1974
, Homogeneous Nucleation Theory: The Pretransition Theory of Vapor Condensation
, Academic Press
, New York
.28.
Kantrowitz
, A.
, 1951
, “Nucleation in Very Rapid Vapor Expansions
,” J. Chem. Phys.
, 19
(9
), pp. 1097
–1100
.29.
Vehkamäki
, H.
, 2011
, Classical Nucleation Theory in Multicomponent Systems
, Springer
, Berlin/London
.30.
Gerber
, A. G.
, 2002
, “Two-Phase Eulerian/Lagrangian Model for Nucleating Steam Flow
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 124
(2
), pp. 465
–475
.31.
Schuster
, S.
, Benra
, F. K.
, Dohmen
, H. J.
, König
, S.
, and Martens
, U.
, 2014
, “Sensitivity Analysis of Condensation Model Constants on Calculated Liquid Film Motion in Radial Turbines
,” ASME
Paper No. GT2014-25652.32.
Gyarmathy
, G.
, 1976
, “Condensation in Flowing Steam
,” Two-Phase Steam Flow in Turbines and Separators: Theory, Instrumentation, Engineering
, M. J.
Moore
and C. H.
Sieverding
, eds., Hemisphere Publishing Corporation
, Washington, DC
.33.
Schuster
, S.
, Benra
, F.-K.
, Dohmen
, H. J.
, König
, S.
, and Martens
, U.
, 2012
, “Influence of Different Gas Models on the Numerical Results of High-Velocity Condensation
,” The 15th International Conference on Fluid Flow Technologies, Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 4–7.34.
Starzmann
, J.
, Hughes
, F. R.
, Schuster
, S.
, White
, A. J.
, Halama
, J.
, Hric
, V.
, Kolovratník
, M.
, Lee
, H.
, Sova
, L.
, Št'astný
, M.
, Grübel
, M.
, Schatz
, M.
, Vogt
, D. M.
, Patel
, Y.
, Patel
, G.
, Turunen-Saaresti
, T.
, Gribin
, V.
, Tishchenko
, V.
, Gavrilov
, I.
, Kim
, C.
, Baek
, J.
, Wu
, X.
, Yang
, J.
, Dykas
, S.
, Wróblewski
, W.
, Yamamoto
, S.
, Feng
, Z.
, and Li
, L.
, 2018
, “Results of the International Wet Steam Modelling Project
,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part A
, 232
(5
), pp. 550
–570
.35.
Schiller
, L.
, and Naumann
, A.
, 1933
, “Über die grundlegende Berechnung bei der Schwerkraftaufbereitung
,” Z. Des Vereins Dtsch. Ing.
, 77
(12
), pp. 318
–320
.36.
Cunningham
, E.
, 1910
, “On the Velocity of Steady Fall of Spherical Particles Through Fluid Medium
,” Proc. R. Soc. A: Math., Phys. Eng. Sci.
, 83
(563
), pp. 357
–365
.37.
Gosman
, A. D.
, and Ioannides
, E.
, 1983
, “Aspects of Computer Simulation of Liquid-Fueled Combustors
,” J. Energy
, 7
(6
), pp. 482
–490
.38.
Guha
, A.
, 2008
, “Transport and Deposition of Particles in Turbulent and Laminar Flow
,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.
, 40
(1
), pp. 311
–341
.39.
ANSYS
, 2009, “ANSYS® Academic Research CFX, Release 12.1
,” ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA.40.
Ounis
, H.
, Ahmadi
, G.
, and McLaughlin
, J. B.
, 1991
, “Dispersion and Deposition of Brownian Particles From Point Sources in a Simulated Turbulent Channel Flow
,” J. Colloid Interface Sci.
, 147
(1
), pp. 233
–250
.41.
Lantermann
, U.
, 2006
, Simulation Der Transport- Und Depositionsvorgänge Von Nanopartikeln in Der Gasphase Mittels Partikel-Monte-Carlo- Und Lattice-Boltzmann-Methoden
, University of Duisburg-Essen
, Duisburg, Germany
.42.
Sommerfeld
, M.
, 2006
, “Theoretical and Experimental Modelling of Particulate Flows
,” Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics
(Lecture Series 2000–06), von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium, p. 20
.43.
Talbot
, L.
, Cheng
, R. K.
, Schefer
, R. W.
, and Willis
, D. R.
, 1980
, “Thermophoresis of Particles in a Heated Boundary Layer
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 101
(4
), pp. 737
–758
.44.
Ryley
, D. J.
, and Davies
, J. B.
, 1983
, “Effect of Thermophoresis on Fog Droplet Deposition on Low Pressure Steam Turbine Guide Blades
,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow
, 4
(3
), pp. 161
–167
.45.
Liu
, B. Y.
, and Agarwal
, J. K.
, 1974
, “Experimental Observation of Aerosol Deposition in Turbulent Flow
,” J. Aerosol Sci.
, 5
(2
), pp. 145
–155
.46.
Sehmel
, G. A.
, 1968
, Aerosol Deposition From Turbulent Airstreams in Vertical Conduits
, Vol. 578
, Washington Pacific Northwest Laboratory BNWL
, Battelle-Northwest, Richland, WA
.47.
Wu
, Z.
, and Young
, J. B.
, 2012
, “The Deposition of Small Particles From a Turbulent Air Flow in a Curved Duct
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
, 44
, pp. 34
–47
.48.
Schuster
, S.
, Benra
, F.-K.
, and Brillert
, D.
, 2017
, “Droplet Deposition in Radial Turbines
,” Eur. J. Mech.-B/Fluids
, 61
(2
), pp. 289
–296
.49.
Schuster
, S.
, Benra
, F.-K.
, and Brillert
, D.
, 2017
, “Reliability of Condensation Models for Droplet Deposition Calculations in Radial Turbines
,” Wet Steam Conference
, pp. 1
–12
.50.
Lienhard
, I. V. J. H.
, and Lienhard
, V. J. H.
, 2012
, A Heat Transfer Text Book
. 4 ed., Cambridge Massachusetts Phlogiston Press
, Cambridge, MA.51.
Ferziger
, J. H.
, and Perić
, M.
, 2008
, Numerische Strömungsmechanik
, Springer
, Berlin
.52.
Wittig
, S.
, Himmelsbach
, J.
, Noll
, B.
, Feld
, H. J.
, and Samenfink
, W.
, 1992
, “Motion and Evaporation of Shear-Driven Liquid Films in Turbulent Gases
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
, 114
(2
), pp. 395
–400
.53.
Eisfeld
, T.
, 2011
, Experimentelle Untersuchung Der Aerodynamik Einer Mit Wassertropfen Beladenen Luftströmung in Einem Ebenen Verdichtergitter
, Helmut-Schmidt-Univ. Bibliothek
, Hamburg, Germany
.54.
Schmehl
, R.
, 2004
, Tropfendeformation Und Nachzerfall Bei Der Technischen Gemischaufbereitung
, Logos-Verl
, Berlin
.55.
Wagner
, W.
, and Kretzschmar
, H.-J.
, 2008
, International Steam Tables: Properties of Water and Steam Based on the Industrial Formulation IAPWS-IF97
, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
, Berlin, Heidelberg
.56.
Fakhari
, K.
, 2009
, “On the Effects of Unsteadiness on the Condensation Process in Low-Pressure Steam Turbines
,” ASME
Paper No. GT2009-60078.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
