Abstract

Over the past two decades, the phenomenon of electrical stray currents in bearings has garnered significant attention from researchers and industry professionals. With the widespread adoption of electric motors and generators in applications like electric vehicles and sustainable energy sources, understanding and mitigating the potential bearing damage caused by these currents has become paramount. This article provides a concise review of the sources of electrical bearing damage, failure modes, and their implications for critical tribological factors such as bearing life and lubrication. Special emphasis is placed on the challenges posed by elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication in the presence of electrical potential and the impact on durability, highlighting the need for further research. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of collaboration among original equipment manufacturers, tier suppliers, lubrication additive companies, and academic institutions in advancing our understanding and effectively addressing electrically induced bearing damage. By exploring this complex topic, this article aims to contribute to the broader scientific knowledge base and inspire future investigations in this field.

References

1.
Neale
,
M. J.
,
1983
, “Selection of Bearings,”
Industrial Tribology: The Practical Aspects of Friction, Lubrication and Wear
,
M. H.
Jones
, and
D.
Scott
, eds.,
Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company
,
New York, USA
.
2.
Williams
,
J.
,
2005
,
Engineering Tribology
,
Cambridge University Press
,
Cambridge, UK
.
4.
Gegner
,
J.
,
2011
,
Tribology—Lubricants and Lubrication
,
D. C.-H.
Kuo
, ed.,
IntechOpen
,
UK
.
5.
Schneider
,
V.
,
Behrendt
,
C.
,
Höltje
,
P.
,
Cornel
,
D.
,
Becker-Dombrowsky
,
F. M.
,
Puchtler
,
S.
,
Gutiérrez Guzmán
,
F.
,
Ponick
,
B.
,
Jacobs
,
G.
, and
Kirchner
,
E.
,
2022
, “
Electrical Bearing Damage, A Problem in the Nano- and Macro-Range
,”
Lubricants
,
10
(
8
), p.
194
.
6.
Loos
,
J.
,
Bergmann
,
I.
, and
Goss
,
M.
,
2021
, “
Influence of High Electrical Currents on WEC Formation in Rolling Bearings
,”
Tribol. Trans.
,
64
(
4
), pp.
708
720
.
7.
Tischmacher
,
H.
,
2018
, “
Bearing Wear Condition Identification on Converter-Fed Motors
,”
Proceedings of 2018 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM)
,
Amalfi, Italy
,
June 20–22
, pp.
19
25
.
8.
He
,
F.
,
Xie
,
G.
, and
Luo
,
J.
,
2020
, “
Electrical Bearing Failures in Electric Vehicles
,”
Friction
,
8
(
1
), pp.
4
28
.
9.
Zhang
,
P.
,
2014
, “
Electrical Discharge and Its Impact on Drivetrains of Wind Turbines
,”
Proceedings of 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
,
Pittsburgh, PA
,
Sept. 14–18
, pp.
646
651
.
10.
Turnbull
,
R.
,
Rahmani
,
R.
,
Paul
,
S.
, and
Rahnejat
,
H.
,
2023
, “
Electrotribodynamics of Ball Bearings in Electrical Machines
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
188
, p.
108817
.
11.
Hadden
,
T.
,
Jiang
,
J. W.
,
Bilgin
,
B.
,
Yinye
,
Y.
,
Sathyan
,
A.
,
Dadkhah
,
H.
, and
Emadi
,
A.
,
2016
, “
A Review of Shaft Voltages and Bearing Currents in EV and HEV Motors
,”
Proceedings of IECON 2016—42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
,
Florence, Italy
,
Oct. 23–26
, pp.
1578
1583
.
12.
Mütze
,
A.
,
2011
, “
Thousands of Hits: On Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents, Related Work, and the Literature
,”
e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik
,
128
(
11
), pp.
382
388
.
13.
Plazenet
,
T.
,
Boileau
,
T.
,
Caironi
,
C.
, and
Nahid-Mobarakeh
,
B.
,
2016
, “
An Overview of Shaft Voltages and Bearing Currents in Rotating Machines
,”
Proceedings of 2016 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting
,
Portland, OR
,
Oct. 2–6
, pp.
1
8
.
14.
Tawfiq
,
K. B.
,
Güleç
,
M.
, and
Sergeant
,
P.
,
2023
, “
Bearing Current and Shaft Voltage in Electrical Machines: A Comprehensive Research Review
,”
Machines
,
11
(
5
), p.
550
.
15.
Xiao
,
Z.
,
Hu
,
M.
,
Chen
,
S.
, and
Cao
,
K.
,
2024
, “
Bearing Electrical-Erosion Damage in Electrical Drive Systems: A Review
,”
IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif.
,
10
(
2
), pp.
3428
3442
.
16.
Britannica
, “Thomas Davenport,” https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Davenport, Accessed March 12, 2024.
17.
Merrick
,
G. E.
,
1914
, “
Bearing Currents
,”
Gener. Electr. Rev.
,
17
, pp.
936
940
.
18.
Buchanan
,
W.
,
1915
, “
Currents in Bearings of Electric Machines
,”
Electrician
, pp.
266
267
.
19.
Alger
,
P.
, and
Samson
,
H.
,
1924
, “
Shaft Currents in Electrical Machines
,”
Trans. AIEE
, pp.
235
245
.
20.
Punga
,
F.
, and
Hess
,
W.
,
1907
, “
Bearing Currents
,”
Elektrotech. Maschinenbau
,
25
, pp.
615
618
.
21.
Andreason
,
S.
,
1968
, “
Passage of Electric Current Through Rolling Bearings
,”
Ballbearing J.
,
153
, pp.
6
12
.
22.
Vance
,
J. M.
,
Palazzolo
,
A. B.
, and
Zeidan
,
F. Y.
,
1987
,
Electric Shaft Currents in Turbomachinery
,
Texas A&M University. Turbomachinery Laboratories
,
Texas
.
23.
Jameson
,
E.
,
2001
,
Electrical Discharge Machining
,
Society of Manufacturing Engineers
,
USA
.
24.
Hansen
,
J.
,
2022
, “Fundamentals of Tribology in Electric Vehicles.” Online Webinar.
25.
Muetze
,
A.
,
2004
, “
Bearing Currents in Inverter-Fed AC-Motors
,”
Ph.D. thesis
,
Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Technische Universitát Darmstadt
,
Darmstadt, Germany
.
26.
Plazenet
,
T.
,
Boileau
,
T.
,
Caironi
,
C.
, and
Nahid-Mobarakeh
,
B.
,
2018
, “
A Comprehensive Study on Shaft Voltages and Bearing Currents in Rotating Machines
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
54
(
4
), pp.
3749
3759
.
27.
Shami
,
U. T.
, and
Akagi
,
H.
,
2010
, “
Identification and Discussion of the Origin of a Shaft End-to-End Voltage in an Inverter-Driven Motor
,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
,
25
(
6
), pp.
1615
1625
.
28.
Fiser
,
R.
, and
Ferkolj
,
S.
,
1998
, “
Magnetic Field Analysis of Induction Motor With Rotor Faults
,”
COMPEL - Int. J. Comput. Math. Electr. Electron. Eng.
,
17
(
2
), pp.
206
211
.
29.
Prashad
,
H.
,
2001
, “
Tribology in Electrical Environments
,”
Lubr. Sci.
,
13
(
4
), pp.
359
369
.
30.
Krein
,
P. T.
,
1996
, “
Electrostatic Discharge Issues in Electric Vehicles
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
32
(
6
), pp.
1278
1284
.
31.
Beraldo da Silveira Balestrin
,
L.
,
Del Duque
,
D.
,
Soares da Silva
,
D.
, and
Galembeck
,
F.
,
2014
, “
Triboelectricity in Insulating Polymers: Evidence for a Mechanochemical Mechanism
,”
Faraday Discuss.
,
170
(
0
), pp.
369
383
.
32.
Costello
,
M. J.
,
1993
, “
Shaft Voltages and Rotating Machinery
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
29
(
2
), pp.
419
426
.
33.
Abu-Rub
,
H.
,
Bayhan
,
S.
,
Moinoddin
,
S.
,
Malinowski
,
M.
, and
Guzinski
,
J.
,
2016
, “
Medium-Voltage Drives: Challenges and Existing Technology
,”
IEEE Power Electron. Mag.
,
3
(
2
), pp.
29
41
.
34.
Shaotang
,
C.
,
Lipo
,
T. A.
, and
Fitzgerald
,
D.
,
1995
, “
Modeling of Motor Bearing Currents in PWM Inverter Drives
,”
Proceedings of IAS ‘95. Conference Record of the 1995 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirtieth IAS Annual Meeting
,
Orlando, FL
,
Oct. 8–12
, Vol. 381, pp.
388
393
.
35.
Erdman
,
J. M.
,
Kerkman
,
R. J.
,
Schlegel
,
D. W.
, and
Skibinski
,
G. L.
,
1996
, “
Effect of PWM Inverters on AC Motor Bearing Currents and Shaft Voltages
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
32
(
2
), pp.
250
259
.
36.
Busse
,
D.
,
Erdman
,
J.
,
Kerkman
,
R. J.
,
Schlegel
,
D.
, and
Skibinski
,
G.
,
1996
, “
The Effects of PWM Voltage Source Inverters on the Mechanical Performance of Rolling Bearings
,”
Proceedings of Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC ’96)
,
San Jose, CA
,
Mar. 3–7
, Vol. 562, pp.
561
569
.
37.
Busse
,
D.
,
Erdman
,
J.
,
Kerkman
,
R. J.
,
Schlegel
,
D.
, and
Skibinski
,
G.
,
1995
, “
Bearing Currents and Their Relationship to PWM Drives
,”
Proceedings of IECON ‘95—21st Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics
,
Orlando, FL
, Vol. 691, pp.
698
705
.
38.
Busse
,
D. F.
,
Erdman
,
J. M.
,
Kerkman
,
R. J.
,
Schlegel
,
D. W.
, and
Skibinski
,
G. L.
,
1997
, “
An Evaluation of the Electrostatic Shielded Induction Motor: A Solution for Rotor Shaft Voltage Buildup and Bearing Current
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
33
(
6
), pp.
1563
1570
.
39.
Link
,
P. J.
,
1998
, “
Minimizing Electric Bearing Currents in Adjustable Speed Drive Systems
,”
Proceedings of Conference Record of 1998 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (Cat. No. 98CH36219)
,
Portland, ME
,
June 21–26
, pp.
181
195
.
40.
Muetze
,
A.
, and
Binder
,
A.
,
2006
, “
Don't Lose Your Bearings
,”
IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag.
,
12
(
4
), pp.
22
31
.
41.
Muetze
,
A.
, and
Binder
,
A.
,
2007
, “
Calculation of Circulating Bearing Currents in Machines of Inverter-Based Drive Systems
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
,
54
(
2
), pp.
932
938
.
42.
Shaotang
,
C.
, and
Lipo
,
T. A.
,
1998
, “
Circulating Type Motor Bearing Current in Inverter Drives
,”
IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag.
,
4
(
1
), pp.
32
38
.
43.
Geleta
,
A.
,
Vajsz
,
T.
, and
Horváth
,
C.
,
2022
, “
An Analysis of the Power Transistors of Electric Vehicle Inverters: Present and the Future Trends
,”
Proceedings of 2022 IEEE 1st International Conference on Cognitive Mobility (CogMob)
,
Budapest, Hungary
,
Oct. 12–13
, pp.
000105
000118
.
44.
Johns
,
S.
,
2023
,
Electric Tribology
,
Lubes'n'Greases
,
USA
.
45.
Êvo
,
M. T. A.
,
Alzamora
,
A. M.
,
Zaparoli
,
I. O.
, and
Paula
,
H. D.
,
2021
, “
Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents—A Thorough Study of the Cause-and-Effect Chains
,”
Proceedings of 2021 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting (IAS)
,
Vancouver, Canada
,
Oct. 10–14
, pp.
1
8
.
46.
Busse
,
D.
,
Erdman
,
J.
,
Kerkman
,
R. J.
,
Schlegel
,
D.
, and
Skibinski
,
G.
,
1997
, “
Bearing Currents and Their Relationship to PWM Drives
,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
,
12
(
2
), pp.
243
252
.
47.
Magdun
,
O.
,
Gemeinder
,
Y.
, and
Binder
,
A.
,
2010
, “
Investigation of Influence of Bearing Load and Bearing Temperature on EDM Bearing Currents
,”
Proceedings of 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition
,
Atlanta, GA
,
Sept. 12–16
, pp.
2733
2738
.
48.
Cen
,
H.
, and
Lugt
,
P. M.
,
2019
, “
Film Thickness in a Grease Lubricated Ball Bearing
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
134
, pp.
26
35
.
49.
Busse
,
D.
,
Erdman
,
J.
,
Kerkman
,
R.
,
Schlegel
,
D.
, and
Skibinski
,
G.
,
1997
, “
Characteristics of Shaft Voltage and Bearing Currents
,”
IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag.
,
3
(
6
), pp.
21
32
.
50.
Gonda
,
A.
,
Capan
,
R.
,
Bechev
,
D.
, and
Sauer
,
B.
,
2019
, “
The Influence of Lubricant Conductivity on Bearing Currents in the Case of Rolling Bearing Greases
,”
Lubricants
,
7
(
12
), p.
108
.
51.
Kaufman
,
H. N.
, and
Boyd
,
J.
,
1959
, “
The Conduction of Current in Bearings
,”
ASLE Trans.
,
2
(
1
), pp.
67
77
.
52.
Li
,
Z.
,
Guo
,
F.
,
Jing
,
Z.
,
Li
,
B.
,
Zhang
,
L.
, and
Wang
,
X.
,
2024
, “
Study on Grease Lubrication and Electric Erosion Characteristics in AC Electric Fields
,”
Lubricants
,
12
(
3
), p.
79
.
53.
Schneider
,
V.
,
Liu
,
H.-C.
,
Bader
,
N.
,
Furtmann
,
A.
, and
Poll
,
G.
,
2021
, “
Empirical Formulae for the Influence of Real Film Thickness Distribution on the Capacitance of an EHL Point Contact and Application to Rolling Bearings
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
154
, p.
106714
.
54.
Martin
,
G.
,
2021
,
Die Wälzlagerimpedanz als Werkzeug zur Untersuchung von berflächenabweichungen in Wälzlagern (in German)
,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
,
Germany
.
55.
Aegis
,
2020
,
Bearing Protection Handbook
,
Electro Static Technology
,
USA
.
56.
Muetze
,
A.
, and
Binder
,
A.
,
2005
, “
Systematic Approach to Bearing Current Evaluation in Variable Speed Drive Systems
,”
Eur. Trans. Electr. Power
,
15
(
3
), pp.
217
227
.
57.
Mütze
,
A.
, and
Binder
,
A.
,
2003
, “
High Frequency Stator Ground Currents of Inverter-Fed Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors Up to 500 kW
,”
Proceedings of 10th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE)
,
Toulouse, France
,
Sept. 2–4
.
58.
Chiou
,
Y.-C.
,
Lee
,
R.-T.
, and
Lin
,
C.-M.
,
1999
, “
Formation Criterion and Mechanism of Electrical Pitting on the Lubricated Surface Under AC Electric Field
,”
Wear
,
236
(
1
), pp.
62
72
.
59.
Suzumura
,
J.
,
2016
, “
Prevention of Electrical Pitting on Rolling Bearings by Electrically Conductive Grease
,”
Q. Rep. Railway Tech. Res. Inst.
,
57
(
1
), pp.
42
47
.
60.
Tischmacher
,
H.
, and
Gattermann
,
S.
,
2010
, “
Bearing Currents in Converter Operation
,”
Proceedings of The XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines—ICEM 2010
,
Rome, Italy
,
Sept. 6–8
, pp.
1
8
.
61.
Schneider
,
V.
,
Krewer
,
M.
,
Poll
,
G.
, and
Marian
,
M.
,
2024
, “
Effect of Harmful Bearing Currents on the Service Life of Rolling Bearings: From Experimental Investigations to a Predictive Model
,”
Lubricants
,
12
(
7
), p.
230
.
62.
Bialke
,
W.
, and
Hansell
,
E.
,
2017
, “
A Newly Discovered Branch of the Fault Tree Explaining Systemic Reaction Wheel Failures and Anomalies
,”
Proceedings of ESMATS 2017
,
Hertfordshire, UK
,
Sept. 20–22
.
63.
Prashad
,
H.
,
1998
, “
Determination of Time Span for the Appearance of Flutes on the Track Surface of Rolling-Element Bearings Under the Influence of Electric Current
,”
Tribol. Trans.
,
41
(
1
), pp.
103
109
.
64.
Liu
,
W.
,
2014
, “
The Prevalent Motor Bearing Premature Failures Due to the High Frequency Electric Current Passage
,”
Eng. Fail. Anal.
,
45
, pp.
118
127
.
65.
Ong
,
R.
,
Dymond
,
J. H.
,
Findlay
,
R. D.
, and
Szabados
,
B.
,
2000
, “
Systematic Practical Approach to the Study of Bearing Damage in a Large Oil-Ring-Lubricated Induction Machine
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
36
(
6
), pp.
1715
1724
.
66.
Romanenko
,
A.
,
Muetze
,
A.
, and
Ahola
,
J.
,
2016
, “
Effects of Electrostatic Discharges on Bearing Grease Dielectric Strength and Composition
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
52
(
6
), pp.
4835
4842
.
67.
Xie
,
G.
,
Guo
,
D.
, and
Luo
,
J.
,
2015
, “
Lubrication Under Charged Conditions
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
84
, pp.
22
35
.
68.
Gangopadhyay
,
A.
,
Paputa Peck
,
M. C.
, and
Simko
,
S. J.
,
2002
, “
Wear Control in a Lubricated Contact Through Externally Applied Electric Current
,”
Tribol. Trans.
,
45
(
3
), pp.
302
309
.
69.
Yu
,
Z.-Q.
, and
Yang
,
Z.-G.
,
2011
, “
Fatigue Failure Analysis of a Grease-Lubricated Roller Bearing From an Electric Motor
,”
J. Fail. Anal. Prev.
,
11
(
2
), pp.
158
166
.
70.
Huang
,
P.
,
Guo
,
D.
,
Xie
,
G.
, and
Li
,
J.
,
2018
, “
Electromechanical Failure of MoS2 Nanosheets
,”
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
,
20
(
27
), pp.
18374
18379
.
71.
Luo
,
J.
,
He
,
Y.
,
Zhong
,
M.
, and
Jin
,
Z.
,
2006
, “
Gas Bubble Phenomenon in Nanoscale Liquid Film Under External Electric Field
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
89
(
1
).
72.
Xie
,
G.
,
Luo
,
J.
,
Liu
,
S.
,
Zhang
,
C.
, and
Lu
,
X.
,
2008a
, “
Micro-Bubble Phenomenon in Nanoscale Water-Based Lubricating Film Induced by External Electric Field
,”
Tribol. Lett.
,
29
(
3
), pp.
169
176
.
73.
Xie
,
G. X.
,
Luo
,
J. B.
,
Liu
,
S. H.
,
Zhang
,
C. H.
,
Lu
,
X. C.
, and
Guo
,
D.
,
2008b
, “
Effect of External Electric Field on Liquid Film Confined Within Nanogap
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
,
103
(
9
).
74.
Xie
,
G. X.
,
Li
,
G.
,
Luo
,
J. B.
, and
Liu
,
S. H.
,
2010
, “
Effects of Electric Field on Characteristics of Nano-Confined Lubricant Films With ZDDP Additive
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
43
(
5
), pp.
975
980
.
75.
McHale
,
G.
,
Orme
,
B. V.
,
Wells
,
G. G.
, and
Ledesma-Aguilar
,
R.
,
2019
, “
Apparent Contact Angles on Lubricant-Impregnated Surfaces/SLIPS: From Superhydrophobicity to Electrowetting
,”
Langmuir
,
35
(
11
), pp.
4197
4204
.
76.
Xie
,
G.
,
Luo
,
J.
,
Liu
,
S.
,
Guo
,
D.
,
Zhang
,
C.
, and
Si
,
L.
,
2011
, “
Electrospreading of Dielectric Liquid Menisci on the Small Scale
,”
Soft Matter
,
13
(
11
).
77.
von Jouanne
,
A.
,
Haoran
,
Z.
, and
Wallace
,
A. K.
,
1998
, “
An Evaluation of Mitigation Techniques for Bearing Currents, EMI and Overvoltages in ASD Applications
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
34
(
5
), pp.
1113
1122
.
78.
Julian
,
A. L.
,
Lipo
,
T. A.
, and
Oriti
,
G.
,
1999
, “
Elimination of Common Mode Voltage in Three Phase Sinusoidal Power Converters
,”
Proceedings of PESC Record. 27th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference
,
Baveno, Italy
,
June 23–27
, Vol. 1962, pp.
1968
1972
.
79.
Haoran
,
Z.
,
Jouanne
,
A. V.
, and
Shaoan
,
D.
,
2001
, “
A Reduced-Switch Dual-Bridge Inverter Topology for the Mitigation of Bearing Currents, EMI, and DC-Link Voltage Variations
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
37
(
5
), pp.
1365
1372
.
80.
Link
,
P. J.
,
1999
, “
Minimizing Electric Bearing Currents in ASD Systems
,”
IEEE Ind. Appl. Magazine
,
5
(
4
), pp.
55
66
.
81.
Anagha
,
E. R.
,
Nisha
,
P. V.
, and
Sindhu
,
T. K.
,
2018
, “
Design of an Active EMI Filter for Bearing Current Elimination in VFD
,”
Proceedings of 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility and 2018 IEEE Asia-Pacific Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC/APEMC)
,
Suntec City, Singapore
,
May 14–18
, pp.
131
134
.
82.
Barater
,
D.
,
Franceschini
,
G.
,
Immovilli
,
F.
, and
Lorenzani
,
E.
,
2017
, “
Investigation on H-8 VSI Architecture for Bearing Currents Mitigation in VFD
,”
Proceedings of IECON 2017—43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society
,
Beijing, China
,
Oct. 29–Nov. 1
, pp.
4391
4396
.
83.
Êvo
,
M. T. A.
,
Silva
,
C. E.
,
Zaparoli
,
I. O.
, and
Paula
,
H. D.
,
2022
, “
Electrostatic Shield to Mitigate the High Frequency Circulating Bearing Current—A Study for Design Guidelines
,”
Proceedings of 2022 IEEE IAS Petroleum and Chemical Industry Technical Conference (PCIC)
,
Denver, CO
,
Sept. 26–29
, pp.
543
552
.
84.
Freitas
,
I. S.
,
Toliyat
,
H. A.
,
Jacobina
,
C. B.
, and
Ozturk
,
S. B.
,
2007
, “
A PWM Strategy With Reduced Bearing Currents for Five-Phase Motors
,”
Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference
,
Arlington, TX
,
Sept. 9–12
, pp.
354
358
.
85.
Sayed-Ahmed
,
A.
, and
Skibinski
,
G.
,
2011
, “
Design and Analysis of an Integrated Differential-Common Mode Filter for on Site Motor Bearing Problems
,”
Proceedings of 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC)
,
Ontario, Canada
,
May 15–18
, pp.
283
288
.
86.
Vostrov
,
K.
,
Pyrhönen
,
J.
,
Niemelä
,
M.
,
Ahola
,
J.
, and
Lindh
,
P.
,
2021
, “
Mitigating Noncirculating Bearing Currents by a Correct Stator Magnetic Circuit and Winding Design
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
,
68
(
5
), pp.
3805
3812
.
87.
Schiferl
,
R. F.
, and
Melfi
,
M. J.
,
2004
, “
Bearing Current Remediation Options
,”
IEEE Ind. Appl. Mag.
,
10
(
4
), pp.
40
50
.
88.
Boyanton
,
H. E.
, and
Hodges
,
G.
,
2002
, “
Bearing Fluting [Motors]
,”
IEEE Ind. App. Mag.
,
8
(
5
), pp.
53
57
.
89.
Binder
,
A.
,
Aust
,
R.
, and
Schrepfer
,
A.
,
1998
, “
Bearing Currents—A Danger to Inverter-Fed A-C Motors?
,”
Iron-Steel Eng.
,
76
, pp.
47
52
.
90.
Akagi
,
H.
, and
Tamura
,
S.
,
2005
, “
A Passive EMI Filter for Eliminating Both Bearing Current and Ground Leakage Current From an Inverter-Driven Motor
,”
Proceedings of 2005 IEEE 36th Power Electronics Specialists Conference
,
Recife, Brazil
,
June 2–16
, pp.
2442
2450
.
91.
Hedayati
,
M. H.
,
Acharya
,
A. B.
, and
John
,
V.
,
2013
, “
Common-Mode Filter Design for PWM Rectifier-Based Motor Drives
,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
,
28
(
11
), pp.
5364
5371
.
92.
Pairodamonchai
,
P.
,
Suwankawin
,
S.
, and
Sangwongwanich
,
S.
,
2007
, “
Design and Implementation of a Hybrid Output EMI Filter for High Frequency Common-Mode Voltage Compensation in PWM Inverters
,”
Proceedings of 2007 Power Conversion Conference—Nagoya
,
Nagoya, Japan.
,
Apr. 2–5
, pp.
1484
1491
.
93.
Hava
,
A. M.
, and
Ün
,
E.
,
2009
, “
Performance Analysis of Reduced Common-Mode Voltage PWM Methods and Comparison With Standard PWM Methods for Three-Phase Voltage-Source Inverters
,”
IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
,
24
(
1
), pp.
241
252
.
94.
Dhatrak
,
R. K.
,
Nema
,
R. K.
,
Dash
,
S. K.
, and
Deshpande
,
D. M.
,
2015
, “
Mitigation of Bearing Current and Shaft Voltage Using Five Level Inverter in Three Phase Induction Motor Drive With SPWM Technique
,”
Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC)
,
Pune, India
,
May 28–30
, pp.
1184
1189
.
95.
Cacciato
,
M.
,
Consoli
,
A.
,
Scarcella
,
G.
, and
Testa
,
A.
,
1997
, “
Reduction of Common Mode Currents in PWM Inverter Motor Drives
,”
Proceedings of IAS ‘97 Conference Record of the 1997 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Thirty-Second IAS Annual Meeting
,
New Orleans, LA
,
Oct. 5–9
, Vol. 701, pp.
707
714
.
96.
ABB
. “Technical Guide No. 5. Bearing Currents in Modern AC Drive Systems”.
97.
Hussain
,
H. A.
, and
Toliyat
,
H. A.
,
2012
, “
Reduction of Shaft Voltages and Bearing Currents in Five-Phase Induction Motors
,”
Proceedings of 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
,
Raleigh, NC
,
Sept. 15–20
, pp.
3309
3316
.
98.
99.
Muetze
,
A.
, and
Binder
,
A.
,
2007
, “
Practical Rules for Assessment of Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents in Inverter-Fed AC Motors Up to 500 kW
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
,
54
(
3
), pp.
1614
1622
.
100.
Bai
,
B.
,
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Wang
,
X.
,
2015
, “
Suppression for Discharging Bearing Current in Variable-Frequency Motors Based on Electromagnetic Shielding Slot Wedge
,”
IEEE Trans. Magn.
,
51
(
11
), pp.
1
4
.
101.
Maki-Ontto
,
P.
, and
Luomi
,
J.
,
2003
, “
Bearing Current Prevention of Converter-Fed AC Machines With a Conductive Shielding in Stator Slots
,”
Proceedings of IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003 (IEMDC’03)
,
Madison, WI
,
June 1–4
, Vol. 271, pp.
274
278
.
102.
Chmelik
,
K.
,
Cech
,
V.
, and
Foldyna
,
J.
,
2007
, “
Devices for Prevention of Bearings Devaluation by Electric Current
,”
Proceedings of 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power Electronics and Drives
,
Cracow, Poland
,
Sept. 6–8
, pp.
316
319
.
103.
Graf
,
S.
, and
Koch
,
O.
,
2024
, “Rolling Bearing Damages as a Result of Current Passing Through the Tribological Contact,”
Electric Vehicle Tribology
,
L. I.
Farfan-Cabrera
, and
A.
Erdemir
, eds.,
Elsevier
,
New York
, pp.
57
77
.
104.
Hausner
,
S.
,
2024
, “
How Shaft Voltage Causes Bearing Damage and Lubricant Degradation
,”
Proceedings of 78th STLE Annual Meeting
,
Minneapolis, MN
,
May 19–23
.
105.
2019
, “ASTM D1816-12: Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using VDE Electrodes.”
106.
Stephens
,
M.
,
Chen
,
H.
,
von Jouanne
,
A.
,
Agamloh
,
E.
, and
Yokochi
,
A.
,
2023
, “
Development of Novel Conductive Grease to Mitigate PWM Inverter-Induced Bearing Currents
,”
Proceedings of 2023 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE)
,
Nashville, TN
,
Oct. 29–Nov. 2
, pp.
3186
3193
.
107.
McFadden
,
C.
,
Hughes
,
K.
,
Raser
,
L.
, and
Newcomb
,
T.
,
2016
, “Electrical Conductivity of New and Used Automatic Transmission Fluids,” SAE Paper 2016-01-2205.
108.
Suzumura
,
J.
,
2016
, “Prevention of Electrical Pitting on Rolling Bearings by Electrically Conductive Grease.”
109.
Zhang
,
P. L.
,
Wang
,
G. G.
,
Zhao
,
Y. J.
,
Wu
,
H.
, and
Xia
,
Y.
,
2015
, “
Study of Conductive and Friction Properties of Grease Containing Carbon Black Additive
,”
Adv. Mater. Res.
,
1120-1121
, pp.
586
589
.
110.
Reddy
,
A. B.
,
Shah
,
F. U.
,
Leckner
,
J.
,
Rutland
,
M. W.
, and
Glavatskih
,
S.
,
2024
, “
Ionic Liquids Enhance Electrical Conductivity of Greases: An Impedance Spectroscopy Study
,”
Colloids Surf. A
,
683
, p.
132875
.
111.
Klueber
,
2019
, “Ionic Liquids—Innovative Lightning Conductor in e-Mobility,” https://www.klueber.com/uk/en/company/newsroom/news/ionic-liquids-innovative-lightning-conductor-in-e-mobility/, Accessed July 19, 2024.
112.
Bond
,
S.
,
Jackson
,
R. L.
, and
Mills
,
G.
,
2024
, “
The Influence of Various Grease Compositions and Silver Nanoparticle Additives on Electrically Induced Rolling-Element Bearing Damage
,”
Friction
,
12
(
4
), pp.
796
811
.
113.
Saha
,
S.
,
Janik
,
J.
,
Mills
,
G.
,
Jackson
,
R.
, and
Qu
,
J.
,
2024
, “
Influence of Ionic Liquids and Ag Nanoparticles as Lubricant Additives on Electrically Induced Bearing Damage
,”
Proceedings of 78th STLE Annual Meeting
,
Minneapolis, MN
,
May 19–23
.
114.
Gunderson
,
S.
,
Fultz
,
G.
,
Snyder
,
C. E.
,
Wright
,
J.
,
Gschwender
,
L.
, and
Heidger
,
S.
,
2011
, “
The Effect of Water Content on the Dielectric Strength of Polyalphaolefin (PAO) Coolants
,”
IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.
,
18
(
1
), pp.
295
302
.
115.
Chen
,
Y.
,
Jha
,
S.
,
Raut
,
A.
,
Zhang
,
W.
, and
Liang
,
H.
,
2020
, “
Performance Characteristics of Lubricants in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: A Review of Current and Future Needs
,”
Front. Mech. Eng.
,
6
.
116.
Komatsuzaki
,
S.
, and
Uematsu
,
T.
,
2000
, “
Change of Grease Characteristics to the End of Lubricating Life
,”
Proceedings of NLGI 66th Annual Meeting
,
Tucson, AZ
,
October 1999
.
117.
Shah
,
R.
,
Gashi
,
B.
, and
Rosenkranz
,
A.
,
2022
, “
Latest Developments in Designing Advanced Lubricants and Greases for Electric Vehicles—An Overview
,”
Lubr. Sci.
,
34
(
8
), pp.
515
526
.
118.
McCoy
,
B.
,
2021
, “
Next Generation Driveline Lubricants for Electrified Vehicles
,”
Tribol. Lubr. Technol.
https://www.stle.org/files/TLTArchives/2021/03_March/Webinar.aspx
119.
Farfan-Cabrera
,
L. I.
,
Erdemir
,
A.
,
Cao-Romero-Gallegos
,
J. A.
,
Alam
,
I.
, and
Lee
,
S.
,
2023
, “
Electrification Effects on Dry and Lubricated Sliding Wear of Bearing Steel Interfaces
,”
Wear
,
516–517
, p.
204592
.
120.
Reddy
,
A. B.
,
Pilkington
,
G. A.
,
Rutland
,
M. W.
, and
Glavatskih
,
S.
,
2022
, “
Tribotronic Control of an Ionic Boundary Layer in Operando Extends the Limits of Lubrication
,”
Sci. Rep.
,
12
(
1
), p.
20479
.
121.
Lee
,
P. M.
,
Sanchez
,
C.
,
Frazier
,
C.
,
Velasquez
,
A.
, and
Kostan
,
T.
,
2023
, “
Tribological Evaluation of Electric Vehicle Driveline Lubricants in an Electrified Environment
,”
Front. Mech. Eng.
,
9
.
122.
Erdemir
,
A.
,
Deshpande
,
P.
,
Yelkarasi
,
C.
,
Lee
,
S.
, and
Farfan-Cabrera
,
L.
,
2024
, “
Unraveling the Complex Tribochemistry of Lubricated Surfaces Under Electrified Sliding Conditions
,”
Proceedings of 78th STLE Annual Meeting
,
Minneapolis, MN
,
May 19–23
.
123.
Farfan-Cabrera
,
L.
,
Lee
,
P.
,
Sanchez
,
C.
, and
Erdemir
,
A.
,
2024
, “
Electrified Rheology and Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication (EHL) Behavior of Graphene-Based Low Viscosity Lubricants for EV Application
,”
Proceedings of 78th STLE Annual Meeting
,
Minneapolis, MN
,
May 19–23
.
124.
Jackson
,
R.
,
Janik
,
J.
, and
Saha
,
S.
,
2024
, “
A Semi-Analytical Transient Model of Elastohydrodynamic Mixed Lubrication Bearings Under Electrical Loads
,”
Proceedings of 78th STLE Annual Meeting
,
Minneapolis, MN
,
May 19–23
.
125.
Liang
,
H.
,
2024
, “
Dynamic Properties of Lubricants for Electric Vehicles
,”
Proceedings of 24th International Colloquium Tribology
,
Ostfildern, Stuttgart, Germany
,
Jan. 23–25
.
126.
Ratoi
,
M.
,
2024
, “
The Effect of Electrical Currents and Lubricant Formulation on Rolling Contact Fatigue
,”
Proceedings of 24th International Colloquium Tribology
,
Ostfildern, Stuttgart, Germany
,
Jan. 23–25
.
127.
Chu
,
P. S. Y.
, and
Cameron
,
A.
,
1967
, “
Flow of Electric Current Through Lubricated Contacts
,”
ASLE Trans.
,
10
(
3
), pp.
226
234
.
128.
Esmaeili
,
K.
,
Wang
,
L.
,
Harvey
,
T. J.
,
White
,
N. M.
, and
Holweger
,
W.
,
2023
, “
A Study on the Influence of Electrical Discharges on the Formation of White Etching Cracks in Oil-Lubricated Rolling Contacts and Their Detection Using Electrostatic Sensing Technique
,”
Lubricants
,
11
(
4
), p.
164
.
129.
Lee
,
P.
,
Sanchez
,
C.
,
Moneer
,
M.
, and
Velasquez
,
A.
,
2024
, “
Electrification of a Mini Traction Machine and Initial Test Results
,”
Lubricants
,
12
(
10
), p.
337
.
130.
Spikes
,
H. A.
,
2020
, “
Triboelectrochemistry: Influence of Applied Electrical Potentials on Friction and Wear of Lubricated Contacts
,”
Tribol. Lett.
,
68
(
3
), p.
90
.
131.
Guruswamy
,
V.
, and
Bockris
,
J. O. M.
,
1981
, “Triboelectrochemistry,”
Electrochemical Materials Science
,
J. O. M.
Bockris
,
B. E.
Conway
,
E.
Yeager
, and
R. E.
White
, eds.,
Springer US
,
Boston, MA
, pp.
463
471
.
132.
Morizur
,
M. F.
, and
Briant
,
J.
,
1987
, “
Modification of Electron Properties of Friction Surfaces in Boundary Lubrication
,”
Proceedings of I. Mech. E. International Conference Triobology—Friction, Lubrication and Wear Fifty Years On
,
London, UK
,
July 1–3
.
133.
Yamamoto
,
Y.
, and
Hirano
,
F.
,
1981
, “
Scuffing Resistance of Phosphate Esters II: Effect of Applied Voltage
,”
Wear
,
66
(
1
), pp.
77
86
.
134.
Gould
,
B.
,
Demas
,
N.
,
Erck
,
R.
,
Lorenzo-Martin
,
M. C.
,
Ajayi
,
O.
, and
Greco
,
A.
,
2021
, “
The Effect of Electrical Current on Premature Failures and Microstructural Degradation in Bearing Steel
,”
Int. J. Fatigue
,
145
, p.
106078
.
135.
Kailer
,
A.
,
Amann
,
T.
,
Krummhauer
,
O.
,
Herrmann
,
M.
,
Sydow
,
U.
, and
Schneider
,
M.
,
2011
, “
Influence of Electric Potentials on the Tribological Behaviour of Silicon Carbide
,”
Wear
,
271
(
9
), pp.
1922
1927
.
136.
Noguchi
,
S.
,
Fukuda
,
E.
, and
Kanada
,
T.
,
2012
, “
Effect of Oil Film Parameter on Vibration Acceleration and Electrical Pitting of Small Ball Bearing
,”
Tribol. Online
,
7
(
1
), pp.
33
40
.
137.
Schoen
,
R. R.
,
Habetler
,
T. G.
,
Kamran
,
F.
, and
Bartfield
,
R. G.
,
1995
, “
Motor Bearing Damage Detection Using Stator Current Monitoring
,”
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
,
31
(
6
), pp.
1274
1279
.
138.
Glavatskih
,
S.
, and
Höglund
,
E.
,
2008
, “
Tribotronics—Towards Active Tribology
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
41
(
9
), pp.
934
939
.
139.
Cooper
,
P. K.
,
Li
,
H.
,
Rutland
,
M. W.
,
Webber
,
G. B.
, and
Atkin
,
R.
,
2016
, “
Tribotronic Control of Friction in Oil-Based Lubricants With Ionic Liquid Additives
,”
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.
,
18
(
34
), pp.
23657
23662
.
You do not currently have access to this content.