Abstract

A detailed analysis of the friction data from laboratory tests was carried out with a focus on the identification of the wear mechanisms acting on the contacting surfaces. In the past work, dynamical system theory has been successfully applied to tribosystems involving rolling pairs. However, its applicability to sliding metallic pairs is still far from being straightforward. To address this problem, a dynamic analysis in time and frequency was applied to the coefficient of friction (COF) data obtained from pin-on-disc tests of self-mated AISI-SAE 1080 steel. The tests were performed in either air or N2 atmosphere and under a series of normal loads and sliding speeds. The power spectral density (PSD) and time–frequency spectrograms were calculated from the friction data by applying a fast Fourier transform. The samples from the tests with N2 atmosphere attenuated the frequencies in the bandwidth between 8 and 10 Hz for all angular velocities, and it was validated by statistical analysis. Using a 3D profilometer, the width and depth of the wear tracks were measured, and the corresponding wear-rates were estimated. The lower wear-rates in the test with air are associated with the formation of oxides acting as a tribolayer on the contact. This study demonstrates that the wear mechanisms acting on the contacting surfaces in pin-on-disc tests can be correlated with the COF response in the frequency domain.

References

1.
Blau
,
P. J.
,
2001
, “
The Significance and Use of the Friction Coefficient
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
34
(
9
), pp.
585
591
.
2.
Rymuza
,
Z.
,
1996
, “
Energy Concept of the Coefficient of Friction
,”
Wear
,
199
(
2
), pp.
187
196
.
3.
Ibrahim
,
R. A.
, and
Pettit
,
C. L.
,
2005
, “
Uncertainties and Dynamic Problems of Bolted Joints and Other Fasteners
,”
J. Sound Vib.
,
279
(
3–5
), pp.
857
936
.
4.
Gahr
,
K.-H. Z.
,
1998
, “
Wear by Hard Particles
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
31
(
10
), pp.
587
596
.
5.
Uetz
,
H.
, and
Föhl
,
J.
,
1979
, “
Wear as an Energy Transformation Process
,”
Wear
,
49
(
2
), pp.
253
264
.
6.
Viáfara
,
C.
, and
Sinatora
,
A.
,
2010
, “
Thermodynamic Approaches in Sliding Wear: A Review
,”
Int. J. Mater. Prod. Technol.
,
38
(
1
), pp.
93
116
.
7.
Bergantin
,
R.
,
Maru
,
M. M.
,
Farias
,
M. C. M.
, and
Padovese
,
L. R.
,
2003
, “
Dynamic Signal Analyses in Dry Sliding Wear Tests
,”
J. Brazilian Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.
,
25
(
3
), pp.
285
292
.
8.
Chen
,
G. X.
, and
Zhou
,
Z. R.
,
2007
, “
Time-Frequency Analysis of Friction-Induced Vibration Under Reciprocating Sliding Conditions
,”
Wear
,
262
(
1–2
), pp.
1
10
.
9.
Valdés Canaval
,
M. A.
,
Gómez
,
L. M.
,
Toro
,
A.
,
Cesar
,
M.
, and
Rudas
,
J. S.
,
2021
, “
Dynamic Model for Friction—Induced Oxidation of Metals in Dry Sliding Processes
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
143
(
8
), p.
081704
.
10.
Quinn
,
T. F. J.
,
1994
, “
Oxidational Wear Modelling: Part II. The General Theory of Oxidational Wear
,”
Wear
,
175
(
1–2
), pp.
199
208
.
11.
Quinn
,
T. F. J.
,
1998
, “
Oxidational Wear Modelling Part III. The Effects of Speed and Elevated Temperatures
,”
Wear
,
216
(
2
), pp.
262
275
.
12.
Ruiz-Andres
,
M.
,
Conde
,
A.
,
De Damborenea
,
J.
, and
Garcia
,
I.
,
2015
, “
Friction and Wear Behaviour of Dual Phase Steels in Discontinuous Sliding Contact Conditions as a Function of Sliding Speed and Contact Frequency
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
90
(
10
), pp.
32
42
.
13.
Yuan
,
C. Q.
,
Peng
,
Z.
,
Yan
,
X. P.
, and
Zhou
,
X. C.
,
2008
, “
Surface Roughness Evolutions in Sliding Wear Process
,”
Wear
,
265
(
3–4
), pp.
341
348
.
14.
Rudas
,
J. S.
,
Gómez
,
L. M.
,
Toro
,
A.
,
Gutiérrez
,
J. M.
, and
Corz
,
A.
,
2017
, “
Wear Rate and Entropy Generation Sources in a Ti6Al4V-WC/10Co Sliding Pair
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
139
(
6
), p.
061608
.
15.
Kennedy
,
F. E.
,
2000
, “Frictional Heating and Contact Temperatures,”
Modern Tribology Handbook
,
B.
Bhushan
, ed., Vol. 1,
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton, FL
, pp.
235
272
.
16.
Wang
,
Y.
, and
Rodkiewicz
,
C. M.
,
1994
, “
Temperature Maps for Pin-on-Disk Configuration in Dry Sliding
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
27
(
4
), pp.
259
266
.
17.
Song
,
J.
,
Liu
,
T.
,
Shi
,
H.
,
Yan
,
S.
,
Liao
,
Z.
,
Liu
,
Y.
,
Liu
,
W.
, and
Peng
,
Z.
,
2017
, “
Time-Frequency Analysis of the Tribological Behaviors of Ti6Al4V Alloy Under a Dry Sliding Condition
,”
J. Alloys Compd.
,
724
(
11
), pp.
752
762
.
18.
Rastegaev
,
I.
,
Merson
,
D.
,
Rastegaeva
,
I.
, and
Vinogradov
,
A.
,
2020
, “
A Time-Frequency Based Approach for Acoustic Emission Assessment of Sliding Wear
,”
Lubricants
,
8
(
5
), p.
52
.
19.
Cheng
,
G.
,
Guo
,
F.
, and
Jia
,
X.
,
2023
, “
Study on the Tribological Properties of Polymer Interface and the Mapping Mechanism of Friction Noise in a Wide Temperature Range
,”
J. Phys. Conf. Ser.
,
2458
(
1
), p.
012027
.
20.
Hurtado-Hurtado
,
G.
,
Morales-Velazquez
,
L.
,
Otremba
,
F.
, and
Jáuregui-Correa
,
J. C.
,
2023
, “
Railcar Dynamic Response During Braking Maneuvers Based on Frequency Analysis
,”
Appl. Sci.
,
13
(
7
), p.
4132
.
21.
Tandon
,
N.
, and
Choudhury
,
A.
,
1999
, “
A Review of Vibration and Acoustic Measurement Methods for the Detection of Defects in Rolling Element Bearings
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
32
(
8
), pp.
469
480
.
22.
Shah
,
D. S.
, and
Patel
,
V. N.
,
2014
, “
A Review of Dynamic Modeling and Fault Identifications Methods for Rolling Element Bearing
,”
Procedia Technol.
,
14
(
3
), pp.
447
456
.
23.
Yan
,
R.
,
Gao
,
R. X.
, and
Chen
,
X.
,
2014
, “
Wavelets for Fault Diagnosis of Rotary Machines: A Review With Applications
,”
Signal Processing
,
96
(
Part A
), pp.
1
15
.
24.
Geng
,
Z.
,
Puhan
,
D.
, and
Reddyhoff
,
T.
,
2019
, “
Using Acoustic Emission to Characterize Friction and Wear in Dry Sliding Steel Contacts
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
134
(
February
), pp.
394
407
.
25.
Hisakado
,
T.
, and
Warashina
,
T.
,
1998
, “
Relationship Between Friction and Wear Properties and Acoustic Emission Characteristics: Iron Pin on Hardened Bearing Steel Disk
,”
Wear
,
216
(
1
), pp.
1
7
.
26.
Hase
,
A.
,
Wada
,
M.
, and
Mishina
,
H.
,
2008
, “
The Relationship Between Acoustic Emissions and Wear Particles for Repeated Dry Rubbing
,”
Wear
,
265
(
5–6
), pp.
831
839
.
27.
Hase
,
A.
,
Mishina
,
H.
, and
Wada
,
M.
,
2012
, “
Correlation Between Features of Acoustic Emission Signals and Mechanical Wear Mechanisms
,”
Wear
,
292–293
, pp.
144
150
.
28.
Lu
,
J.
,
Zheng
,
S.
,
Zhang
,
X.
, and
Hou
,
Y.
,
2024
, “
Test and Identification Analysis of Wear Response Signal of Contact Interface of Rotary Seal
,”
Tribol. Lett.
,
72
(
3
), p.
99
.
29.
Devenport
,
T. M.
,
Lu
,
P.
,
Rolfe
,
B. F.
,
Pereira
,
M. P.
, and
Griffin
,
J. M.
,
2024
, “
Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Galling Behavior From Dry Scratch Tests at Slow Sliding Speed
,”
Acoustics
,
6
(
4
), pp.
834
869
.
30.
Toyoda
,
H.
,
Yazawa
,
Y.
,
Arai
,
S.
,
Ono
,
M.
,
Hara
,
Y.
, and
Hase
,
A.
,
2024
,
Analysis of Stick-Slip Phenomenon During Creep Groan Using Acoustic Emission Sensing
, SAE Technical Paper 2024-01-3033,
SAE International
,
Warrendale, PA
.
31.
Jlaiel
,
K.
,
Yahiaoui
,
M.
,
Paris
,
J. Y.
, and
Denape
,
J.
,
2020
, “
Tribolumen: A Tribometer for a Correlation Between Ae Signals and Observation of Tribological Process in Real-Time-Application to a Dry Steel/Glass Reciprocating Sliding Contact
,”
Lubricants
,
8
(
4
), p.
47
.
You do not currently have access to this content.