Abstract
The present study involves understanding the fretting wear behavior of Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) under annealed and anodized conditions. The as-built microstructure consists of martensite (α′), which, on subtransus annealing at 850 °C, produces an α + β lamellar structure. The anodized surface forms flaky-like titanium oxide, enhancing the surface's hardness and morphology. Fretting tests were conducted on annealed and anodized samples using specially customized fretting curved contact on a flat surface to simulate the femoral trunnion junction. The as-built alloy exhibited the lowest coefficient of friction (COF), which increased slightly after heat treatment. Anodizing the as-built and heat-treated samples reduced the COF by ∼4.5%, resulting in a reduction of the wear coefficient by ∼37%. The drop in COF is reflected in wear loss and its operating mechanisms. Adhesive wear was identified as the predominant wear mechanism, independent of the material conditions. The results indicate that anodizing effectively improves the wear resistance of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V alloy in both as-built and heat-treated conditions, as evidenced by a lower coefficient of friction, reduced wear loss, and a lower wear coefficient. The wear resistance ranking is as follows: (annealed + anodized) > (as-built + anodized) > (as-built) > (annealed). The subtransus annealing at 850 °C of LPBF Ti-6Al-4V alloy followed by anodizing is highly recommended for improved wear properties.
Issue Section:
Manufacturing & Additive Manufacturing
Keywords:
fretting wear,
LPBF,
Ti-6Al-4V,
annealing,
anodizing,
additive manufacturing,
artificial joints,
stick-slip
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