Abstract

In a deep drawing process, the contact sliding between the surfaces of a metal sheet and a die/mold under high contact stresses brings about wear of both the counterpart surfaces. This paper aims to investigate the influence of tool and workpiece properties on the wear behaviors subjected to cylinder-on-flat sliding conditions. The effects of different tool materials (Cr12MoV, SKD11, and DC53), radii, surface hardness, and surface treatment processes including thermal diffusion (TD) coating, nitriding coating, and vacuum heat treatment (VHT) were investigated. Two types of workpieces with high tensile strength (DP980 and QP980) were also applied in the tests. The friction coefficient, surface morphology, and material removal were analyzed with the aid of load cells installed and microscopy measurements. It was found that the DC53 tool experiences the smallest tool wear and material transfer. The least material transfer is attributed to its low adhesion to workpiece material, which also results in more wear debris and a higher friction coefficient. The TD coated tool surface can further improve the wear resistance and bring about the lowest friction coefficient. The debris density associated with the TD coating is also the smallest. These findings provide a useful guideline for the design and optimization of molds/dies for the deep drawing processes of sheet metals.

References

1.
Lesch
,
C.
,
Kwiaton
,
N.
, and
Klose
,
F. B.
,
2017
, “
Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) for Automotive Applications−Tailored Properties by Smart Microstructural Adjustments
,”
Steel Res. Int.
,
88
(
10
), p.
1700210
.
2.
Guo
,
W.
,
Wan
,
Z.
,
Peng
,
P.
,
Jia
,
Q.
,
Zou
,
G.
, and
Peng
,
Y.
,
2018
, “
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fiber Laser Welded QP980 Steel
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
256
, pp.
229
238
.
3.
Chen
,
X.
,
Niu
,
C.
,
Lian
,
C.
, and
Lin
,
J.
,
2017
, “
The Evaluation of Formability of the 3rd Generation Advanced High Strength Steels QP980 Based on Digital Image Correlation Method
,”
Procedia Eng.
,
207
, pp.
556
561
.
4.
Cora
,
ÖN
, and
Koç
,
M.
,
2009
, “
Experimental Investigations on Wear Resistance Characteristics of Alternative die Materials for Stamping of Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSS)
,”
Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf.
,
49
(
12–13
), pp.
897
905
.
5.
Kim
,
H.
,
Han
,
S.
,
Yan
,
Q.
, and
Altan
,
T.
,
2008
, “
Evaluation of Tool Materials, Coatings and Lubricants in Forming Galvanized Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS)
,”
CIRP Ann.
,
57
(
1
), pp.
299
304
.
6.
Okonkwo
,
P. C.
,
Kelly
,
G.
,
Rolfe
,
B. F.
, and
Pereira
,
M. P.
,
2012
, “
The Effect of Temperature on Sliding Wear of Steel-Tool Steel Pairs
,”
Wear
,
282
, pp.
22
30
.
7.
Kim
,
C.
,
Lee
,
J.-U.
,
Barlat
,
F.
, and
Lee
,
M.-G.
,
2014
, “
Frictional Behaviors of a Mild Steel and a TRIP780 Steel Under a Wide Range of Contact Stress and Sliding Speed
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
136
(
2
), p.
021606
.
8.
Wang
,
W.
,
Hua
,
M.
, and
Wei
,
X.
,
2012
, “
A Comparison Study of Sliding Friction Behavior Between two High Strength DP590 Steel Sheets Against Heat Treated DC53 Punch: Hot-dip Galvanized Sheet Versus Cold Rolled Bare Sheet
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
54
, pp.
114
122
.
9.
Cora
,
ÖN
,
Ağcayazı
,
A.
,
Namiki
,
K.
,
Sofuoğlu
,
H.
, and
Koç
,
M.
,
2012
, “
Die Wear in Stamping of Advanced High Strength Steels–Investigations on the Effects of Substrate Material and Hard-Coatings
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
52
, pp.
50
60
.
10.
Jeng
,
Y.-R.
,
Huang
,
Y.-H.
,
Tsai
,
P.-C.
, and
Hwang
,
G.-L.
,
2014
, “
Tribological Properties of Carbon Nanocapsule Particles as Lubricant Additive
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
136
(
4
), p.
041801
.
11.
Ko
,
D.-C.
,
Kim
,
S.-G.
, and
Kim
,
B.-M.
,
2015
, “
Influence of Microstructure on Galling Resistance of Cold-Work Tool Steels with Different Chemical Compositions When Sliding Against Ultra-High-Strength Steel Sheets Under dry Condition
,”
Wear
,
338
, pp.
362
371
.
12.
Tang
,
L.
,
Gao
,
C.
,
Huang
,
J.
,
Zhang
,
H.
, and
Chang
,
W.
,
2013
, “
Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Behaviour of Hardened AISI D2 Tool Steel with Different Hardness Levels
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
66
, pp.
165
173
.
13.
Wang
,
W.
,
Zheng
,
X.
,
Hua
,
M.
, and
Wei
,
X.
,
2016
, “
Influence of Surface Modification on Galling Resistance of DC53 Tool Steel Against Galvanized Advanced High Strength Steel Sheet
,”
Wear
,
360
, pp.
1
13
.
14.
Groche
,
P.
, and
Christiany
,
M.
,
2013
, “
Evaluation of the Potential of Tool Materials for the Cold Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels
,”
Wear
,
302
(
1–2
), pp.
1279
1285
.
15.
Xu
,
Y.
,
Gong
,
Y.
,
Du
,
H.
,
Ding
,
W.
,
Zhu
,
B.
,
Jin
,
X.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
, and
Wang
,
L.
,
2020
, “
A Newly-Designed hot Stamping Plus non-Isothermal Q&P Process to Improve Mechanical Properties of Commercial QP980 Steel
,”
Int. J. Lightweight Mater. Manuf.
,
3
(
1
), pp.
26
35
.
16.
Salehiyan
,
D.
,
Samei
,
J.
,
Amirkhiz
,
B. S.
,
Hector
,
L. G.
, and
Wilkinson
,
D. S.
,
2020
, “
Microstructural Evolution During Deformation of a QP980 Steel
,”
Metall. Mater. Trans. A
,
51
(
9
), pp.
4524
4539
.
17.
Torkamani
,
H.
,
Raygan
,
S.
, and
Rassizadehghani
,
J.
,
2014
, “
Comparing Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI D2 Steel After Bright Hardening and oil Quenching
,”
Mater. Des. (1980–2015)
,
54
, pp.
1049
1055
.
18.
Cheng-pei
,
Y.
,
2006
, “
Recent Progress of Vacuum Heat Treatment Technology and Its Development Trend
,”
Heat Treat.
,
3
(
2006
), pp.
7
13
.
19.
Podgornik
,
B.
,
Leskovšek
,
V.
,
Tehovnik
,
F.
, and
Burja
,
J.
,
2015
, “
Vacuum Heat Treatment Optimization for Improved Load Carrying Capacity and Wear Properties of Surface Engineered hot Work Tool Steel
,”
Surf. Coat. Technol.
,
261
, pp.
253
261
.
20.
Wen
,
D.-C.
,
2010
, “
Erosion and Wear Behavior of Nitrocarburized DC53 Tool Steel
,”
Wear
,
268
(
3–4
), pp.
629
636
.
21.
Karamboiki
,
C.-M.
,
Mourlas
,
A.
,
Psyllaki
,
P.
, and
Sideris
,
J.
,
2013
, “
Influence of Microstructure on the Sliding Wear Behavior of Nitrocarburized Tool Steels
,”
Wear
,
303
(
1–2
), pp.
560
568
.
22.
Luo
,
Q.
,
2010
, “
Origin of Friction in Running-in Sliding Wear of Nitride Coatings
,”
Tribol. Lett.
,
37
(
3
), pp.
529
539
.
23.
Podgornik
,
B.
,
Majdic
,
F.
,
Leskovsek
,
V.
, and
Vizintin
,
J.
,
2012
, “
Improving Tribological Properties of Tool Steels Through Combination of Deep-Cryogenic Treatment and Plasma Nitriding
,”
Wear
,
288
, pp.
88
93
.
24.
Mitelea
,
I.
,
Ghera
,
C.
,
Bordeaşu
,
I.
, and
Crăciunescu
,
C.
,
2018
, “
Assessment of Cavitation Erosion of gas-Nitrided Cr-Ni-Mo Steels
,”
ASME J. Tribol.
,
140
(
6
), p.
061601
.
25.
Thakur
,
A.
, and
Gangopadhyay
,
S.
,
2016
, “
Influence of Tribological Properties on the Performance of Uncoated, CVD and PVD Coated Tools in Machining of Incoloy 825
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
102
, pp.
198
212
.
26.
Tiziani
,
A.
, and
Molinari
,
A.
,
1988
, “
Improvement of AISI D2 Steel Properties by Unconventional Vacuum Heat Treatments
,”
Mater. Sci. Eng. A
,
101
, pp.
125
133
.
27.
Akıncıoğlu
,
S.
,
Gökkaya
,
H.
, and
Uygur
,
İ
,
2016
, “
The Effects of Cryogenic-Treated Carbide Tools on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness of Turning of Hastelloy C22 Based on Taguchi Method
,”
Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol.
,
82
(
1–4
), pp.
303
314
.
28.
Lhymn
,
C.
,
1987
, “
Effect of Normal Load on the Specific Wear Rate of Fibrous Composites
,”
Wear
,
120
(
1
), pp.
1
27
.
29.
Kavimani
,
V.
,
Prakash
,
K. S.
, and
Thankachan
,
T. J.
,
2017
, “
Surface Characterization and Specific Wear Rate Prediction of r-GO/AZ31 Composite Under dry Sliding Wear Condition
,”
Surf. Interfaces
,
6
, pp.
143
153
.
30.
Wu
,
B.
,
Liu
,
P.
,
Duan
,
J.
,
Deng
,
L.
,
Zeng
,
X.
, and
Wang
,
X.
,
2016
, “
Study on Picosecond Pulse Laser Ablation of Cr12MoV Cold Work Mold Steel
,”
Mater. Des.
,
110
, pp.
549
557
.
31.
Kanlayasiri
,
K.
, and
Boonmung
,
S.
,
2007
, “
Effects of Wire-EDM Machining Variables on Surface Roughness of Newly Developed DC 53 die Steel: Design of Experiments and Regression Model
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
192
, pp.
459
464
.
32.
Menezes
,
P. L.
,
Kailas
,
S. V.
, and
Lovell
,
M. R.
,
2011
, “
Role of Surface Texture, Roughness, and Hardness on Friction During Unidirectional Sliding
,”
Tribol. Lett.
,
41
(
1
), pp.
1
15
.
33.
Miyajima
,
T.
,
Sasayama
,
S.
,
Honda
,
T.
,
Fuwa
,
Y.
, and
Iwai
,
Y.
,
2012
, “
Effects of Hardness of Counterface on dry Sliding Wear of Aluminum Matrix Composites Against Steels
,”
Tribol. Online
,
7
(
1
), pp.
24
32
.
34.
Lindroos
,
M.
,
Valtonen
,
K.
,
Kemppainen
,
A.
,
Laukkanen
,
A.
,
Holmberg
,
K.
, and
Kuokkala
,
V.-T.
,
2015
, “
Wear Behavior and Work Hardening of High Strength Steels in High Stress Abrasion
,”
Wear
,
322
, pp.
32
40
.
You do not currently have access to this content.