In the present research, a new composite material was developed for increased strength and tribological performance. The gadolinium silicon-germanium compound, GSG, was synthesized into an aluminum substrate to form a composite (GSG-Al). Experimental investigation indicated that the phase transformation of the GSG at its Curie temperature induced significant changes in crystal structures resulting in a giant strain effect. Such an effect increased the wear resistance at a temperature range from −25 °C to 150 °C. The built-in and “self-strengthening” property of such a material is highly desirable for tribological applications. In this manuscript, details of material synthesis, characterization, mechanical, and tribological behavior will be discussed.

References

1.
Otto
,
N. A.
, 1888, “
Gas-Motor Engine
,” U.S. Patent No. 388372.
2.
Gumus
,
M.
,
Atmaca
,
M.
, and
Yimaz
,
T.
, 2009, “
Efficiency of an Otto Engine Under Alternative Power Optimizations
,”
Int. J. Energy Res.
,
33
(
8
), pp.
745
752
.
3.
Totten
,
G. E.
and
MacKenzie
,
D. S.
, and 2006,
Analytical Characterization of Aluminum, Steel, and Superalloys
,
CRC
,
Boca Raton, FL
.
4.
Taylor
,
C. M.
, 1998, “
Automobile Engine Tribology-Design Considerations for Efficiency and Durability
,”
Wear
,
221
(
1
), pp.
1
8
.
5.
Edrisy
,
A.
,
Perry
,
T.
, and
Alpas
,
A. T.
, 2005, “
Investigation of Scuffing in Aluminum Engines With Thermal Spray Coatings
,”
Wear
,
259
(
7–12
), pp.
1056
1062
.
6.
Silva
,
F. S.
, 2006, “
Fatigue on Engine Pistons-A Compendium of Case Studies
,”
Eng. Failure Anal.
,
13
(
3
), pp.
480
492
.
7.
Yu
,
Z. W.
,
Xu
,
X. L.
,
and Ding
,
H. X.
, 2007, “
Failure Analysis of a Diesel Engine Piston-Pin
,”
Eng. Failure Anal.
,
14
(
1
), pp.
110
117
.
8.
García-Romero
,
A. M.
,
Egizabal
,
P.
, and
Irisarri
,
A. M.
, 2010, “
Fracture and Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum Matrix Composite Automotive Pistons
,”
Appl. Compos. Mater.
,
17
(
1
), pp.
15
30
.
9.
McMillan
,
M. L.
and
Tung
,
S. C.
, 2004, “
Automotive Tribology Overview of Current Advances and Challenges for the Future
,”
Tribol. Int.
,
37
(
7
), pp.
517
536
.
10.
Jang
,
J.
,
Joo
,
B.
,
Lee
,
J. H.
, and
Moon
,
Y. H.
, 2009, “
Effects of Hardness of the Piston Ring Coating on the Wear Characteristics of Rubbing Surfaces
,”
Metall. Mater. Int.
,
15
(
6
), pp.
903
908
.
11.
Wilson
,
S. and Alpas, A. T.
, 1999, “
Thermal Effects on Mild Wear Transitions in Dry Sliding of an Aluminum Alloy
,”
Wear
,
225
(
1
), pp.
440
449
.
12.
Lin
,
Y. J.
and
Wei
,
W. C. J.
, 2008,
Engineering Materials III: Selected Peer Reviewed Papers from the 3rd Cross-Taiwan-Strait Conference on Engineering Materials
,
Vol. 51
,
Trans Tech Publications Ltd.
,
Stafa-Zurich
.
13.
Wilson
,
S.
and
Alpas
,
A. T.
, 1996, “
Effect of Temperature on the Sliding Wear Performance of Al Alloys and Al Matrix Composites
,”
Wear
,
196
(
1–2
), pp.
270
278
.
14.
O’Handley
,
R. C.
,
Murray
,
S. J.
,
Marioni
,
M.
,
Nembach
,
H.
, and
Allen
,
S. M.
, 2000, “
Phenomenology of Giant Magnetic-Field-Induced Strain in Ferromagnetic Shape-Memory Materials
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
,
87
(
9
), pp.
4712
4717
.
15.
Nersessian
,
N.
,
Or
,
S. W.
,
Carman
,
G. P.
,
McCall
,
S. K.
,
Choe
,
W.
,
Radousky
,
H. B.
,
McElfresh
,
M. W.
,
Pecharsky
,
V. K.
, and
Pecharsky
,
A. O.
, 2004, “
Gd5Si2Ge2 Composite for Magnetostrictive Actuator Applications
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
84
(
23
), pp.
4801
4803
.
16.
Han
,
M.
,
Paulsen
,
J. A.
,
Snyder
,
J. E.
,
Jiles
,
D. C.
,
Lograsso
,
T. A.
, and
Schlagel
,
D. L.
, 2002, “
Thermal Expansion of Single-Crystal Gd5(Si1.95Ge2.05) Showing Unusual First-Order Transformation
,”
IEEE Trans. Magn.
,
38
(
5
), pp.
3252
3254
.
17.
Han
,
M.
,
Jiles
,
D. C.
,
Snyder
,
J. E.
,
Lograsso
,
T. A.
, and
Schlagel
,
D. L.
, 2004, “
Giant Magnetostriction Behavior Around the Curie Temperature of Single Crystal Gd5(Si0.5Ge0.5)4
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
,
95
(
11
), pp.
6945
6947
.
18.
Omoto
,
K.
,
Norberg
,
S. T.
,
Hull
,
S.
,
Aoto
,
A.
, and
Hashimoto
,
T.
, 2010, “
Neutron Diffraction Study of the Crystal Structure Phase Transition of La0.7Ca0.3-xSrxCrO3: The Relationship Between Thermodynamic Behavior and Crystal Structure Changes at the Phase Transition
,”
J. Solid State Chem.
,
183
(
7
), pp.
392
401
.
19.
and
Sigmund
,
O. and Torquato, S.
, 1996, “
Composites with Thermal Expansion Coefficients
,”
Appl. Phys. Lett.
,
69
(
21
), pp.
3203
3205
.
20.
Piskunowicz
,
P.
,
Breczewski
,
T.
, and
Wolejko
,
T.
, 1989, “
Thermal Expansion of Rb4LiH3(SO4)4 and K4LiH3(SO4)4 Crystals in the Temperature Range from 80 to 300 K
,”
Phys. Status Solidi
,
114
(
2
), pp.
505
510
.
21.
Neumeier
,
J. J.
,
Andres
,
K.
, and
McClellan
,
K. J.
, 1971, “
Thermal Expansion of Single Crystalline La0.83Sr0.17MnO3: The Importance of Temperature-Induced Strain for the Electrical Resistivity
,”
Phys. Rev. B
,
59
(
3
), pp.
1701
1705
.
22.
Megaw
,
H. D.
, 1971, “
Crystal Structures and Thermal Expansion
,”
Mater. Res. Bull.
,
6
(
10
), pp.
1007
1018
.
23.
Pecharsky V. K.Gschneidner
,
K. A.
, 1997, “
Giant Magnetocaloric Effect in Gd5(Si2Ge2)
,”
Phys. Rev. Lett.
,
78
, pp.
4494
4497
.
24.
Williams
,
J. A.
, 2005,
Engineering Tribology
, Vol.
10
,
Cambridge University Press
,
Cambridge, England
.
25.
Chelkowska
,
G.
, 1993, “
Paramagnetic Behaviour of the Gd(Al1−xMx)2 Compounds for M=Pb, Si and Ge
,”
J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
,
127
(
1–2
), pp.
L37
L40
26.
Gladyshevskii
,
E. I.
,
Nakonechna
,
N. Z.
,
Cenzual
,
K.
,
Gladyshevskii
,
R. E.
, and
Jorda
,
J. L.
, 1999, “
Crystal Structure of PrAlxGe2-x Compounds
,”
J. Alloys. Compd.
,
296
(
1
), pp.
265
271
.
You do not currently have access to this content.