Abstract

No appropriate or accurate skeleton evaluation indexes currently exist for cement-stabilized crushed rock materials (CCRMs). To establish new skeleton evaluation indexes for a CCRM, different skeleton tightness–influenced regions of coarse aggregates were defined and compared to accurately capture the degree of tightness of a skeleton based on computed tomography images. The skeleton denseness index (φ¯) and skeleton stability index (φ¯) were proposed. Moreover, φ¯ was used to evaluate a CCRM that was compacted using the vertical vibration compaction method (VVCM) with different gradations to verify its feasibility. The meso-skeleton and macroscopic indexes (maximum dry density and compressive strength) of a CCRM with different compaction methods and vibration times, along with a field CCRM, were measured and compared. The results show that a range with twice the equivalent radius is rational as the influenced region. The φ¯ of a CCRM compacted using VVCM decreases as the gradation becomes finer, revealing that φ¯ can capture a CCRM skeleton. A CCRM compacted using a quasistatic compaction method has smaller meso-skeleton and macroscopic indexes than a CCRM using VVCM or a field CCRM; all indexes of the CCRM applying VVCM increase as the vibration time increases, whereas the growth rate slows. The results of vibration compaction (90 s) for CCRM match the common outdoor compaction results when constructing semirigid bases (common gradation and cement dosage) in Guangdong Province, China. Moreover, a strong correlation exists between meso-skeleton evaluation indexes and the compressive strength for a 7-day period.

References

1.
Jayasinghe
C.
and
Kamaladasa
N.
, “
Compressive Strength Characteristics of Cement Stabilized Rammed Earth Walls
,”
Construction and Building Materials
21
, no. 
11
(November
2007
):
1791
1796
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.049
2.
Ciancio
D.
and
Gibbings
J.
, “
Experimental Investigation on the Compressive Strength of Cored and Molded Cement-Stabilized Rammed Earth Samples
,”
Construction and Building Materials
28
, no. 
1
(March
2012
):
294
304
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.070
3.
Disfani
M. M.
,
Arulrajah
A.
,
Haghighi
H.
,
Mohammadinia
A.
, and
Horpibulsuk
S.
, “
Flexural Beam Fatigue Strength Evaluation of Crushed Brick as a Supplementary Material in Cement Stabilized Recycled Concrete Aggregates
,”
Construction and Building Materials
68
(October
2014
):
667
676
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.007
4.
Fedrigo
W.
,
Núñez
W. P.
,
López
M. A. C.
,
Kleinert
T. R.
, and
Ceratti
J. A. P.
, “
A Study on the Resilient Modulus of Cement-Treated Mixtures of RAP and Aggregates Using Indirect Tensile, Triaxial and Flexural Tests
,”
Construction and Building Materials
171
(May
2018
):
161
169
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.119
5.
Konrad
J. M.
and
Juneau
O.
, “
Limit-State Curve of Base-Course Material and Its Relevance for Resilient Modulus Testing
,”
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering
132
, no. 
2
(February
2006
):
82
173
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:2(173)
6.
Chakrabarti
S.
and
Kodikara
J.
, “
Shrinkage Behaviour of Crushed Basaltic Rock and Residual Clay Mixture Stabilized with Cementitious Binders
,”
International Journal of Pavement Engineering
6
, no. 1 (
2005
):
27
37
, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298430500068654
7.
Zhang
P.
,
Li
Q. F.
, and
Zhang
Y. P.
, “
Investigation of Fracture Properties of Cement-Treated Crushed Rock
,”
Journal of Materials: Design and Applications
226
, no. 
4
(May
2012
):
342
349
, https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420712448170
8.
Jiang
Y. J.
and
Fan
L. F.
, “
An Investigation of Mechanical Behavior of Cement-Stabilized Crushed Rock Material Using Different Compaction Methods
,”
Construction and Building Materials
48
(November
2013
):
508
515
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.017
9.
Hu
L. Q.
,
Jiang
Y.-J.
, and
Chen
Z. D.
, “
Road Performance of Cement Stabilized Aggregate of Dense Framework Structure
,”
Transportation Engineering Journal
1
, no. 4 (
2001
):
37
40
, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1671-1637.2001.04.008
10.
Mallick
R. B.
, “
Use of Superpave Gyratory Compactor to Characterize Hot-Mix Asphalt
,”
Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
1681
, no. 
1
(January
1999
):
86
96
, https://doi.org/10.3141/1681-11
11.
Qiu
Y.-F.
,
Liang
Y.-J.
, and
Xu
Z.-H.
, “
Study on Improvement of Judgment Criterion for Skeleton and Dense Texture
,”
Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development
25
, no. 
8
(September
2008
):
10
14
, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0268.2008.08.003
12.
Ge
Z.-S.
,
Zhang
X.-N.
, and
Yu
J.-M.
, “
Mensuration for Minimum Void in Coarse Aggregates and Its Application
,”
Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition)
37
, no. 
7
(September
2009
):
42
45
, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-565X.2009.07.009
13.
Zhang
X. N.
, “
Basic Methods of Digital Image Technology for Material Structure of Asphalt Mixtures
,”
Journal of South China University of Technology (Natural Science Edition)
40
, no. 
10
(December
2012
):
166
173
, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-565X.2012.10.024
14.
Masad
E.
,
Jandhyala
V. K.
,
Dasgupta
N.
,
Somadevan
N.
, and
Shashidhar
N.
, “
Characterization of Air Void Distribution in Asphalt Mixes Using X-Ray Computed Tomography
,”
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering
14
, no. 
2
(April
2002
):
122
128
, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:2(122)
15.
Xu
H.
,
Li
H.
,
Tan
Y.
,
Wang
L.
, and
Hou
Y.
, “
A Micro-Scale Investigation on the Behaviors of Asphalt Mixtures under Freeze-Thaw Cycles Using Entropy Theory and a Computerized Tomography Scanning Technique
,”
Entropy
20
, no. 
2
(January
2018
): 68, https://doi.org/10.3390/e20020068
16.
Fan
L. F.
,
Gao
J. W.
,
Wu
Z. J.
,
Wang
S. Q.
, and
Ma
G. W.
, “
An Investigation of Thermal Effects on Micro-Properties of Granite by X-Ray CT Technique
,”
Applied Thermal Engineering
140
(July
2018
):
505
519
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.05.074
17.
Zelelew
H. M.
and
Papagiannakis
A. T.
, “
Wavelet-Based Characterization of Aggregate Segregation in Asphalt Concrete X-Ray Computed Tomography Images
,”
International Journal of Pavement Engineering
12
, no. 
6
(April
2011
):
553
559
, https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2011.561346
18.
Liu
T.
,
Zhang
X.-N.
,
Li
Z.
, and
Chen
Z.-Q.
, “
Research on the Homogeneity of Asphalt Pavement Quality Using X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) and Fractal Theory
,”
Construction and Building Materials
68
, no. 
15
(October
2014
):
587
598
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.046
19.
Jiang
Y. J.
and
Fan
L. F.
, “
An Experimental Investigation of Optimal Asphalt–Aggregate Ratio for Different Compaction Methods
,”
Construction and Building Materials
91
(August
2015
):
111
115
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.054
20.
Wu
W.
,
Wang
D.
,
Zhang
X.
, and
Li
Z.
, “
Research on Void in Corse Aggregate of Asphalt Mixture with Digital Image Processing and Probability Statistic
,”
Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science)
38
, no. 
12
(December
2010
):
1792
1795
, https://doi.org/10.3969/10.3969/j.issn.0253-374x.2010.12.015
21.
Sefidmazgi
N. R.
,
Tashman
L.
, and
Bahia
H.
, “
Internal Structure Characterization of Asphalt Mixture for Rutting Performance Using Imaging Analysis
,”
Road Materials and Pavement Design
13
, no. 
sup1
(April
2012
):
21
37
, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.657045
22.
Sefidmazgi
N. R.
and
Bahia
H. U.
, “
Effect of Compaction Conditions on Aggregate Packing Using 2-Dimensional Image Analysis and the Relation to Performance of HMA
,”
Materials and Structures
47
, no. 
8
(August
2014
):
1313
1324
, https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0275-x
23.
Shi
L.-W.
and
Wang
D.-Y.
, “
Evaluation Indexes of Asphalt Mixture Main Skeleton Based on Digital Image Processing
,”
China Journal Highway Transportation
30
, no. 
5
(May
2017
):
28
52
, https://doi.org/10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2017.05.007
25.
Cai
X.
,
Wang
D.
,
Li
W.
, and
Wan
C.
, “
Prediction of Shear Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures Based on Granular Mechanics
,”
China Journal of Highway and Transport
26
, no. 
6
(January
2014
):
38
46
, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7372.2013.06.006
26.
Wang
H.
and
Ni
W.
, “
Quantitative Analysis of Loess Microstructure Based on CT and SEM Images
,”
Rock and Soil Mechanics
33
, no. 
1
(January
2012
):
243
247
, https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2012.01.020
27.
Zhang
J.
,
Li
L.
,
Zhang
F.
,
Lu
L.–Z.
, and
Yan
B.
Review of the Methods for Beam Harding Correction in X-ray Computed Tomography
,”
CT Theory and Application
22
, no. 
1
(January
2013
):
195
204
.
28.
Sha
Q.
, “
Grading Gradation Design Method for SAC and Other Coarse Aggregates
,”
Highway
1
, no. 
1
(April
2005
):
143
150
, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0451-0712.2005.01.030
29.
Coenen
A. R.
,
Kutay
M. E.
,
Sefidmazgi
N. R.
, and
Bahia
H. U.
, “
Aggregate Structure Characterization of Asphalt Mixture Using Two-Dimensional Image Analysis
,”
Road Materials and Pavement Design
13
, no. 
3
(September
2012
):
672
681
, https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.711923
30.
Liang
H.
,
Wang
D.
,
Wang
G.
,
Li
D.
,
Xu
C.
, and
Liang
X.
, “
Numerical Simulation and Laboratory Testing Verification on the Performance of an Asphalt Pavement Seal Coat with Superficially Permeating and Solidifying Properties
,”
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
47
, no. 
3
(
2018
), https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170625
31.
Duan
Y.-H.
,
Zhang
X.-N.
,
Li
H.-J.
,
Yuan
M.-M.
,
Zhang
S.-X.
, and
Wang
H.
, “
Research on Contact Characteristics of Coarse Aggregates Particles within Meso-Scale by CT Images
,”
Journal of Building Materials
14
, no. 
6
(July
2011
):
808
813
, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2011.06.017
32.
Hu
C.
,
Ma
J.
,
Jiang
H.
,
Chen
Z.
, and
Zhao
J.
, “
Evaluation of Nano-TiO2 Modified Waterborne Epoxy Resin as Fog Seal and Exhaust Degradation Material in Asphalt Pavement
,”
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
45
, no. 
1
(July
2017
):
260
267
, https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20160157
33.
Peng
Y.
and
Sun
L.
, “
Study on Influence Factors of Homogeneity of Asphalt Mixture
,”
Journal of Tongji University: Natural Science
34
, no. 
1
(March
2006
):
59
63
, https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0253-374X.2006.01.012
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.