Abstract

The production of geopolymer mortar using recycled fine aggregate (RFA) generated from concrete waste has significant potential to be a sustainable construction material. In this article, the volume change properties of the produced geopolymer mortar mixes are studied in terms of drying shrinkage up to the age of 180 days and reported as the percentage increase with respect to the shrinkage value of 3 days. The influence of RFA content, alkaline liquid (AL) in terms of the concentration of sodium hydroxide (SH) solution, the ratio of sodium silicate (SS) solution to SH solution, and the ratio of AL to fly ash (FA) were investigated on the drying shrinkage properties of the geopolymer mortar mixes. All the cast specimens were cured at 80°C for 24 hours. Higher drying shrinkage values were observed for the mortar mixes produced with higher RFA content, AL/FA, SS/SH ratio, and lower concentration of SH solution. Scanning electron microscope images were studied for the samples taken from the geopolymer mixes showing lower drying shrinkage values to understand the microstructure.

References

1.
Davidovits
J.
, “
30 Years of Successes and Failures in Geopolymer Applications. Market Trends and Potential Breakthroughs
” (paper presentation, Geopolymer 2002 Conference,
Melbourne, Australia
, October 28–29,
2002
). http://web.archive.org/web/20151109111921/https://www.geopolymer.org/fichiers_pdf/30YearsGEOP.pdf
2.
Davidovits
J.
, “
Geopolymers: Inorganic Polymeric New Materials
,”
Journal of Thermal Analysis
37
(
1991
):
1633
1656
. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01912193
3.
Saha
S.
,
Rajasekaran
C.
, and
Vidhya
S.
, “
Geopolymer Concrete—An Eco-Friendly Concrete: A Review of Recent Scenario
” (paper presentation,
Second International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Built Environment
,
Vellore, India
, March 10–12,
2016
).
4.
Saha
S.
,
Rajasekaran
C.
, and
Vinayak Pai
T.
, “
Use of Recycled Coarse Aggregates as an Alternative in Construction Industry—A Review
” (paper presentation,
Fourth International Engineering Symposium
,
Kumamoto, Japan
, March 4–6,
2016
).
5.
Saha
S.
and
Rajasekaran
C.
, “
Strength Characteristics of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Produced with Portland Slag Cement
,”
Journal of Construction Engineering, Technology and Management
6
, no. 
1
(
2016
):
70
77
.
6.
Apoorva
S.
,
Saha
S.
, and
Rajasekaran
C.
, “
Experimental Study on Water Absorption and Accelerated Curing Properties of Recycled Aggregates in Concrete
” (paper presentation,
Fifth International Engineering Symposium
,
Kumamoto, Japan
, March 3–5,
2016
).
7.
Mamery
S. Z. M.
,
Sbarta
S.
,
Yotte
M. O.
,
Emeruwa
B. E.
, and
Bos
F.
, “
A Study of Concrete Made with Fine and Coarse Aggregates Recycled from Fresh Concrete Waste
,”
Journal of Construction Engineering
2013
(
2013
): 317182.
8.
Neno
C.
,
de Brito
J.
, and
Veigab
R.
, “
Using Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregate for Mortar Production
,”
Materials Research
17
, no. 
1
(January/February
2014
):
168
177
. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000164
9.
Evangelista
L.
and
de Brito
J.
, “
Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
29
, no. 
5
(May
2007
):
397
401
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004
10.
Kou
S.-C.
and
Poon
C.-S.
, “
Properties of Concrete Prepared with Crushed Fine Stone, Furnace Bottom Ash and Fine Recycled Aggregate as Fine Aggregates
,”
Construction and Building Materials
23
, no. 
8
(August
2009
):
2877
2886
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.009
11.
Khatib
J. M.
, “
Properties of Concrete Incorporating Fine Recycled Aggregate
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
35
, no. 
4
(April
2005
):
763
769
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.017
12.
Evangelista
L.
and
de Brito
J.
, “
Durability Performance of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates
,”
Cement and Concrete Composites
32
, no. 
1
(January
2010
):
9
14
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.09.005
13.
Vásquez
A.
,
Cárdenas
V.
,
Robayo
R. A.
, and
de Gutiérrez
R. M.
, “
Geopolymer Based on Concrete Demolition Waste
,”
Advanced Powder Technology
27
, no. 
4
(July
2016
):
1173
1179
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2016.03.029
14.
Saha
S.
and
Rajasekaran
C.
, “
Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Produced with Portland Pozzolana Cement
,”
Advances in Concrete Construction
4
, no. 
1
(
2016
):
27
35
. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2016.4.1.027
15.
Yan
S.
and
Sagoe-Crentsil
K.
, “
Evaluation of Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortar Incorporating Calcined Wastepaper Sludge
,”
Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
5
, no. 
6
(June
2016
):
370
380
. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2016.1174962
16.
Mráz
V.
,
Valentin
J.
,
Suda
J.
, and
Kopecký
L.
, “
Experimental Assessment of Fly-Ash Stabilized and Recycled Mixes
,”
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
43
, no. 
2
(March
2015
):
1
15
. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20140097
17.
Aydin
S.
and
Baradan
B.
, “
Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Heat Cured Alkali-Activated Slag Mortars
,”
Materials and Design
35
(March
2012
):
374
383
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.10.005
18.
Görhan
G.
and
Kürklü
G.
, “
The Influence of the NaOH Solution on the Properties of the Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Mortar Cured at Different Temperatures
,”
Composites Part B: Engineering
58
(March
2014
):
371
377
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.082
19.
Palomo
A.
,
Grutzeck
M. W.
, and
Blanco
M. T.
, “
Alkali-Activated Fly Ashes: A Cement for the Future
,”
Cement and Concrete Research
29
, no. 
8
(August
1999
):
1323
1329
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00243-9
20.
Heah
C. Y.
,
Kamarudin
H.
,
Al Bakri
A. M. M.
,
Binhussain
M.
,
Luqman
M.
,
Nizar
I. K.
,
Ruzaidi
C. M.
, and
Liew
Y. M.
, “
Effect of Curing Profile on Kaolin-based Geopolymers
,”
Physics Procedia
22
(
2011
):
305
311
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2011.11.048
21.
Rovnanik
P.
, “
Effect of Curing Temperature on the Development of Hard Structure of Metakaolin-based Geopolymer
,”
Construction and Building Materials
24
, no. 
7
(July
2010
):
1176
1183
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.023
22.
Kani
E. N.
and
Allahverdi
A.
, “
Effects of Curing Time and Temperature on Strength Development of Inorganic Polymeric Binder Based on Natural Pozzolan
,”
Journal of Materials Science
44
, no. 
12
(June
2009
):
3088
3097
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-009-3411-1
23.
van Jaarsveld
J. G. S.
,
van Deventer
J. S. J.
, and
Lukey
G. C.
, “
The Effect of Composition and Temperature on the Properties of Fly Ash and Kaolinite Based Geopolymers
,”
Chemical Engineering Journal
89
(
2002
):
63
73
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(02)00025-6
24.
El-Hassan
H.
and
Ismail
N.
, “
Effect of Process Parameters on the Performance of Fly Ash/GGBS Blended Geopolymer Composites
,”
Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
7
, no. 
2
(
2017
):
122
140
. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2017.1411296
25.
Sagoe-Crentsil
K.
,
Brown
T.
, and
Taylor
A.
, “
Drying Shrinkage and Creep Performance of Geopolymer Concrete
,”
Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
2
, no. 
1
(February
2013
):
35
42
. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2013.764963
26.
Saha
S.
and
Rajasekaran
C.
, “
Enhancement of the Properties of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Paste by Incorporating Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
,”
Construction and Building Materials
146
(August
2017
):
615
620
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.139
27.
Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources of Concrete
, IS: 383-1970 (
New Delhi, India
:
Bureau of Indian Standards
,
1970
).
28.
Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement, Part 10: Determination of Drying Shrinkage
, IS: 4031-1988 (
New Delhi, India
:
Bureau of Indian Standards
,
1988
).
29.
Behera
P.
,
Baheti
V.
,
Militky
J.
, and
Naeem
S.
, “
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Microfiber Reinforced Geopolymers at Elevated Temperatures
,”
Construction and Building Materials
160
(January
2018
):
733
743
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.109
30.
Kuo
C.
,
Wang
E. H.
, and
Hwang
C.
, “
Examining Polymerization of Kaolinitic Concrete Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy
,”
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
40
, no. 
6
(November
2012
):
975
982
. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE104641
31.
Chindaprasirt
P.
,
Phoo-ngernkham
T.
,
Hanjitsuwan
S.
,
Horpibulsuk
S.
,
Poowancum
A.
, and
Injorhor
B.
, “
Effect of Calcium-Rich Compounds on Setting Time and Strength Development of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash Cured at Ambient Temperature
,”
Case Studies in Construction Materials
9
(December
2018
): e00198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2018.e00198
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.