Abstract

The basic friction angle is a basic parameter for estimating the shear strength of rock discontinuities. The value of the basic friction angle can be determined using the tilt test. There are still no standard methods for such a test. Thus, the values from different researchers usually differ significantly for the same rock type. In this work, a number of tilt tests were conducted on core-based samples under different conditions. In this study, 33 different rock types and 53 groups of samples were collected, and more than 6,600 valid tilt tests were conducted. Based on the test results, some issues that may affect the value of the basic friction angle are discussed. This work may contribute to the present studies on the basic friction angle by tilt test.

References

1.
Hencher
,
S. R.
and
Richards
,
L. R.
, “
Assessing the Shear Strength of Rock Discontinuities at Laboratory and Field Scales
,”
Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
, Vol. 
48
, No. 
3
,
2015
, pp. 
883
905
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0633-6
2.
Barton
,
N.
and
Bandis
,
S. C.
, “
Review of Predictive Capabilities of JRC–JCS Model in Engineering Practice
,”
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Joints
,
Barton
N.
and
Stephansson
O.
, Eds.,
Balkema
,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
,
1990
, pp. 
603
610
.
3.
Lanaro
,
F.
and
Fredriksson
,
A.
,
Rock Mechanics Model—Summary of the Primary Data, Report No. R-05-83
, Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, Stockholm, Sweden,
2005
, 45p.
4.
Barton
,
N.
, “
Shear Strength Criteria for Rock, Rock Joints, Rockfill, and Rock Masses: Problems and Some Solutions
,”
J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng.
, Vol. 
5
, No. 
4
,
2013
, pp. 
249
261
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2013.05.008
5.
Barton
,
N.
and
Choubey
,
V.
, “
The Shear Strength of Rock Joints in Theory and Practice
,”
Rock Mech.
, Vol. 
10
, Nos.
1–2
,
1977
, pp. 
1
54
, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01261801
6.
Ulusay
,
R.
and
Karakul
,
H.
, “
Assessment of Basic Friction Angles of Various Rock Types from Turkey under Dry, Wet and Submerged Conditions and Some Considerations on Tilt Testing
,”
Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ.
, Vol. 
75
, No. 
4
,
2016
, pp. 
1683
1699
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0828-4
7.
Ruíz
,
J.
and
Li
,
C.
, “
Measurement of the Basic Friction Angle of Rock by Three Different Tilt Test Methods
,”
EUROCK 2014: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: Structures on and in Rock Masses
,
Alejano
R.
,
Perucho
A.
,
Olalla
C.
, and
Jiménez
R.
, Eds.,
Balkema
,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
,
2014
, pp. 
261
266
.
8.
Aydan
,
Ö.
,
Tokashiki
,
N.
,
Iwata
,
N.
,
Adachi
,
K.
, and
Takahashi
,
Y.
, “
The Development of a Servo-Control Testing Machine for Dynamic Shear Testing of Rock Discontinuities and Soft Rocks
,” presented at the
2016 ISRM International Symposium—EUROCK 2016
, Nevsehir, Turkey, Aug. 29–31,
2016
,
International Society for Rock Mechanics
,
Lisboa, Portugal
.
9.
Hencher
,
S. R.
, “
Interpretation of Direct Shear Tests on Rock Joints
,” presented at the
35th US Symposium on Rock Mechanics
, Reno, NV, June 5–7,
1995
,
University of Nevada, Reno
,
Reno, Nevada
.
10.
Hencher
,
S. R.
and
Richards
,
L. R.
, “
Laboratory Direct Shear Testing of Rock Discontinuities
,”
Ground Eng.
, Vol. 
22
, No. 
2
,
1989
, pp. 
24
31
.
11.
Hencher
,
S. R.
, “
Discussion of Alejano, Gonzalez and Muralha
,”
Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
, Vol. 
45
, No. 
6
,
2012
, pp. 
1137
1139
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0288-0
12.
Hencher
,
S. R.
,
Lee
,
S. G.
,
Carter
,
T. G.
, and
Richards
,
L. R.
, “
Sheeting Joints: Characterisation, Shear Strength and Engineering
,”
Rock Mech Rock Eng
, Vol. 
44
, No. 
1
,
2011
, pp. 
1
22
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-010-0100-y
13.
Li
,
C. C.
,
Zhang
,
N.
, and
Ruiz
,
J.
, “
Measurement of the Basic Friction Angle of Planar Rock Discontinuities with Three Rock Cores
,”
Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ.
, No. 
4
,
2017
, pp. 
1
10
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-017-1045-0
14.
Alejano
,
L. R.
,
González
,
J.
, and
Muralha
,
J.
, “
Comparison of Different Techniques of Tilt Testing and Basic Friction Angle Variability Assessment
,”
Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
, Vol. 
45
, No. 
6
,
2012
, pp. 
1023
1035
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-012-0265-7
15.
Requena
,
J. R.
, “
Basic Friction Angle Determination of Rocks by Tilt Testing: Three Different Methods Assessment and Comparison
,” project report, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway,
2013
.
16.
Stimpson
,
B.
, “
A Suggested Technique for Determining the Basic Friction Angle of Rock Surfaces Using Core
,”
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abst.
, Vol. 
18
, No. 
1
,
1981
, pp. 
63
65
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(81)90266-7
17.
Cawsey
,
D. C.
and
Farrar
,
N. S.
, “
Discussion: A Simple Sliding Apparatus for the Measurement of Rock Joint Friction
,”
Géotechnique
, Vol. 
26
, No. 
4
,
1976
, pp. 
641
644
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1976.26.4.641
18.
Pérez-Rey
,
I.
,
Alejano
,
L. R.
,
González-Pastoriza
,
N.
,
González
,
J.
, and
Arzúa
,
J.
, “
Effect of Time and Wear on the Basic Friction Angle of Rock Discontinuities
,” presented at the
ISRM Regional Symposium—EUROCK 2015
, Salzburg, Austria, Oct. 7–10,
2015
,
International Society for Rock Mechanics
,
Lisboa, Portugal
.
19.
Bruce
,
I. G.
,
Cruden
,
D. M.
, and
Eaton
,
T. M.
, “
Use of a Tilting Table to Determine the Basic Friction Angle of Hard Rock Samples
,”
Can. Geotech. J.
, Vol. 
26
, No. 
3
,
1989
, pp. 
474
479
, https://doi.org/10.1139/t89-060
20.
Cruden
,
D. M.
and
Hu
,
X. Q.
, “
Basic Friction Angles of Carbonate Rocks from Kananaskis Country, Canada
,”
Bull. of the Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol.
, Vol. 
38
, No. 
1
,
1988
, pp. 
55
59
, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02590448
21.
Hu
,
X. Q.
and
Cruden
,
D. M.
, “
A Portable Tilting Table for On-Site Tests of the Friction Angles of Discontinuities in Rock Masses
,”
Bull. Int. Assoc. Eng. Geol.
, Vol. 
46
, No. 
59
,
1992
, pp. 
59
62
.
22.
Pérez–Rey
,
I.
,
Alejano
,
L. R.
,
Arzúa
,
J.
, and
Muralha
,
J.
, “
The Role of Tilting Rate and Wear of Surfaces on Basic Friction Angle Testing
,” presented at the
2016 ISRM International Symposium—EUROCK 2016
, Nevsehir, Turkey, Aug. 29–31,
2016
,
International Society for Rock Mechanics
,
Lisboa, Portugal
.
23.
Alejano
,
L. R.
,
Muralha
,
J.
,
Ulusay
,
R.
,
Li
,
C. C.
,
Pérez-Rey
,
I.
,
Karakul
,
H.
,
Chryssanthakis
,
P.
,
Aydan
,
Ö.
,
Martínez
,
J.
, and
Zhang
,
N.
, “
A Benchmark Experiment to Assess Factors Affecting Tilt Test Results for Sawcut Rock Surfaces
,”
Rock Mech. Rock Eng.
, Vol. 
50
, No. 
9
,
2017
, pp. 
2547
2562
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1271-6
24.
González
,
J.
,
González-Pastoriza
,
N.
,
Castro
,
U.
,
Alejano
,
L. R.
, and
Muralha
,
J.
, “
Considerations on the Laboratory Estimate of the Basic Friction Angle of Rock Joints
,”
EUROCK 2014: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering: Structures on and in Rock Masses
,
Alejano
R.
,
Perucho
A.
,
Olalla
C.
, and
Jiménez
R.
, Eds.,
Balkema
,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
,
2014
, pp. 
199
2010
.
25.
Kveldsvik
,
V.
,
Nilsen
,
B.
,
Einstein
,
H. H.
, and
Nadim
,
F.
, “
Alternative Approaches for Analyses of a 100,000 m3 Rock Slide Based on Barton–Bandis Shear Strength Criterion
,”
Landslides
, Vol. 
5
, No. 
2
,
2008
, pp. 
161
176
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-007-0096-x
26.
Wines
,
D. R.
and
Lilly
,
P. A.
, “
Estimates of Rock Joint Shear Strength in Part of the Fimiston Open Pit Operation in Western Australia
,”
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci.
, Vol. 
40
, No. 
6
,
2003
, pp. 
929
937
, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(03)00020-0
27.
Zandarin
,
M. T.
,
Alonso
,
E.
, and
Olivella
,
S.
, “
A Constitutive Law for Rock Joints Considering the Effects of Suction and Roughness on Strength Parameters
,”
Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci.
, Vol. 
60
,
2013
, pp. 
333
344
.
28.
Zandarin
,
M. T.
,
Gens
,
A.
,
Olivella
,
S.
, and
Alonso
,
E. E.
, “
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Model of the Canister Retrieval Test
,”
Phys, Chem. Earth Parts A/B/C
, Vol. 
36
, Nos.
17–18
,
2011
, pp. 
1806
1816
, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.10.009
29.
Aydan
,
O.
, “
Simple Tests on the Validation of the Effective Stress Law for Rock Discontinuities
,”
Poromechanics, Proceedings of the 1st Biot Conference
,
Thimus
J. F.
, et al., Eds.,
CRC Press
,
Boca Raton, FL
,
1998
, pp. 
539
544
.
30.
Horn
,
H.
and
Deere
,
D.
, “
Frictional Characteristics of Minerals
,”
Geotechnique
, Vol. 
12
, No. 
4
,
1962
, pp. 
319
335
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1962.12.4.319
31.
Moore
,
D. E.
and
Lockner
,
D. A.
, “
Crystallographic Controls on the Frictional Behaviour of Dry and Water-Saturated Sheet Structure Minerals
,”
J. Geophys. Res.
, Vol. 
109
, No. 
3
,
2004
, pp. 
1
16
.
32.
Morrow
,
C. A.
,
Moore
,
D. E.
, and
Lockner
,
D. A.
, “
The Effect of Mineral Bond Strength and Adsorbed Water on Fault Gouge Frictional Strength
,”
Geophys. Res. Lett.
, Vol. 
27
, No. 
6
,
2000
, pp. 
815
818
, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL008401
33.
Tesfamariam
,
E. K.
, “
Comparing Discountinuity Surface Roughness Derived from 3D Terrestrial Laser Scan Data with Traditional Field-Based Methods
,” M.S. thesis,
International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
, Enschede, the Netherlands,
2007
.
34.
Krsmanović
,
D.
, “
Initial and Residual Shear Strength of Hard Rocks
,”
Géotechnique
, Vol. 
17
, No. 
2
,
1967
, pp. 
145
160
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.145
35.
Hutchinson
,
J. N.
, “
Field and Laboratory Studies of a Fall in Upper Chalk Cliffs at Joss Bay, Isle of Thanet
,”
Proceedings of the Roscoe Memorial Symposium
,
Parry
R. H. G.
, Ed.,
University of Cambridge, Cambridge
,
United Kingdom
,
1972
, pp. 
692
706
.
36.
Coulson
,
J. H.
, “
Shear Strength of Flat Surfaces in Rock Stability of Rock Slopes
,”
Proceedings of 13th Symposium on Rock Mechanics
,
Cording
E. J.
, Ed.,
American Society of Civil Engineers
,
Reston, VA
,
1972
, pp. 
77
105
.
37.
Ripley
,
C. F.
and
Lee
,
K. L.
, “
Sliding Friction Tests on Sedimentary Rock Specimens
,” presented at the
7th International Congress on Large Dams
, Rome, Italy, June 26–July 1,
1961
,
International Commission On Large Dams
,
Paris, France
, pp. 
657
671
.
38.
Patton
,
F. D.
, “
Multiple Modes of Shear Failure in Rock
,” presented at the
1st Congress of the International Society for Rock Mechanics
, Lisbon, Portugal, Sep. 25–Oct. 1,
1966
,
International Society for Rock Mechanics
,
Lisboa, Portugal
, pp. 
509
513
.
39.
Richards
,
L. R.
, “
The Shear Strength of Joints in Weathered Rock
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
University of London
, London, United Kingdom,
1975
.
40.
Buocz
,
I.
, “
Determination of Rock Mechanical Properties from Direct Shear Strength Test Results Carried Out on Bátaapáti Granitoid Rock Masses along Discontinuities
,” presented at the
Second Conference of Junior Researchers in Civil Engineering
, Budapest, Hungary, June 17–18,
2013
,
Budapest University of Technology and Economics
,
Budapest, Hungary
, pp. 
68
73
.
41.
Barton
,
N.
, “
Estimation of In Situ Shear Strength from Back Analysis of Failed Rock Slopes.
,” presented at the
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Rock Mechanics: Rock Fracture
,
Nancy, France
, Oct. 4–6,
1971
,
International Society For Rock Mechanics
, pp. 
11
27
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.