Abstract

This paper deals with the viability of using reclaimed polyethylene (PE) derived from low-density PE carry bags in shredded form collected from domestic waste as stabilizing fibers to evaluate the performance of stone matrix asphalt (SMA). Conventional SMA mixtures were used as reference mixture and were prepared using 60/70-grade asphalt cement and cellulose fibers as stabilizer. The use of PE-modified binder (PEMB) was also investigated as stabilizer in SMA mixtures. The performance of these mixtures was evaluated by conducting draindown, moisture susceptibility test, aging test, rutting test, creep test, permeability test, and fatigue life tests. The PE fibers reinforce the binder system, resulting in the increase in the viscosity of the system. Draindown test results indicated that PE fibers can be effectively used as a stabilizer in SMA to retard draindown of binder and mineral filler. To study the behaviour of SMA mixtures with different additives, mixtures were designed by Marshall and Superpave. Results showed that mixtures designed by Superpave yielded in 0.2 % reduced asphalt content compared to mixtures designed by the Marshall method. From the present study, results indicated that mixtures prepared with PE fibers showed improved performance than reference SMA mixtures with cellulose fibers. Mixtures prepared with PEMB showed improved performance properties compared to mixtures with PE fibers and cellulose fibers.

Issue Section:
Research Papers
Keywords:
stone matrix asphalt, stabilizer, reclaimed polyethylene, cellulose fiber, rutting, creep

References

1.
Bellin
,
P.
, “
Use of Stone Matrix Asphalt in Germany—State of the Art
,”
Report Prepared for the A2F02 Committee 71st Annual Meeting
,
Transportation Research Board
,
Washington, D.C.
,
1992
.
2.
Stuart
,
K. D.
, “
Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixture Design
,” Report No. FHWA-RD-92-006, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,
1992
.
3.
Mogawer
,
W. S.
 and
Stuart
,
K. D.
, “
Evaluation of Stone Matrix Asphalt Versus Dense-Graded Mixtures
,” Transportation Research Record. 1454, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.,
1994
, pp.
58
–
65
.
4.
Brown
,
E. R.
, “
Evaluation of Stone Matrix Asphalt Used in Michigan in 1991
,” Transportation Research Record. 1427, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.,
1993
, pp.
54
–
60
.
5.
Reinke
,
G.
, “
Laboratory Investigation into the Impact of Polymer Type, Polymer Concentration, and Aggregate Gradation on the Properties of Stone Matrix Mixes
,”
Electron. J. Assoc. Asph. Paving Technol.
 1553-5576, Vol.
62
,
1993
, pp.
314
–
343
.
6.
Davidson
,
J. K.
 and
Kennepohl
,
G. J.
, “
Introduction to Stone Matrix Asphalt in Ontario
,” presented at
Meeting of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists
, Charleston, SC,
1992
,
Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists
,
Charleston, SC
, pp.
517
–
534
.
7.
Brown
,
E. R.
, “
Experience with Stone Matrix Asphalt in the United States
,” NCAT Report No. 93, National Center for Asphalt Technology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL,
1992
.
8.
Tung-Wen
,
H.
 and
Jeng-Thoa
,
L.
, “
Evaluation of Permanent Deformation of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures
,” presented in
Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board
, January 11–15,
1998
, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
9.
Brown
,
E. R.
,
Mallick
,
R. B.
,
Haddock
,
J. E.
, and
Bukowski
,
J.
, “
Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures in the United States
,”
Electron. J. Assoc. Asph. Paving Technol.
 1553-5576, Vol.
66
,
1997
, pp.
426
–
457
.
10.
Brown
,
E. R.
,
Mallick
,
R. B.
,
Haddock
,
J. E.
, and
Bukowski
,
J.
, “
Development of a Mixture Design Procedure for Stone Matrix Asphalt
,”
Electron. J. Assoc. Asph. Paving Technol.
 1553-5576, Vol.
66
,
1997
, pp.
1
–
32
.
11.
Qiu
,
Y. F.
 and
Lum
,
K. M.
, “
Design and Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt
,”
J. Transp. Eng.
 0733-947X, Vol.
132
, No.
12
,
2006
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:12(956)
12.
Lynn
,
T. A.
,
2002
,
“Evaluations of Aggregate Size Characteristics in Stone Matrix Asphalt and Superpave Design Mixtures
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
Auburn University
, Auburn, AL.
13.
AASHTO T19,
2004
, “
Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in Aggregate
,” AASHTO, Washington, D.C., T 19M, Part 2A, pp.
1
–
8
.
14.
Karnemaat
,
R. J.
,
Vreibel
,
D. J.
, and
Van Deusen
,
C. H.
,
Stone Matrix Asphalt: Introduction of Loose Cellulose Fibers into Drum Mix Plant
,
TRB, National Research Council
,
Washington, D.C.
,
1993
.
15.
Stuart
 
K. D.
 and
Malmquist
,
P.
, “
Evaluation of Using Different Stabilizers in the U.S. Route 15 (Maryland) Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA)
,” Transportation Research Record. 1454, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.,
1994
, pp.
48
–
57
.
16.
Harris
,
B. M.
 and
Stuart
,
K. D.
, “
Analysis of Using Mineral Fillers and Mastics Used in Stone Matrix Asphalt
,”
Electron. J. Assoc. Asph. Paving Technol.
 1553-5576, Vol.
64
,
1995
, pp.
54
–
95
.
17.
Putman
,
B. J.
 and
Amirkhanian
,
S. N.
, “
Utilization of Waste Fibers in Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures
,”
Resour. Conserv. Recycl.
 0921-3449, Vol.
42
,
2004
, pp.
265
–
274
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2004.04.005
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
18.
Tayfur
,
S.
,
Ozen
,
H.
, and
Aksoy
,
A.
, “
Investigation of Rutting Performance of Asphalt Mixture Containing Polymer Modifiers
,”
Constr. Build. Mater.
 0950-0618, Vol.
21
,
2007
, pp.
328
–
337
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.014
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
19.
Sharma
,
V.
 and
Goyal
,
S.
, “
Comparative Study of Performance of Natural Fibers and Crumb Rubber Modified Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures
,”
Can. J. Civ. Eng.
 0315-1468, Vol.
33
, No.
2
,
2006
, pp.
134
–
139
. https://doi.org/10.1139/L05-096
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
20.
Kandhal
,
P. S.
,
Roberts
,
F. L.
,
Brown
,
E. R.
,
Lee
,
D. Y.
, and
Kennedy
,
T. W.
,
Hot Mix Asphalt Materials Mixture Design and Construction
,
NAPA Education Foundation
,
Lanham, MD
,
1996
.
21.
Decoene
,
Y.
, “
Contribution of Cellulose Fibers to the Performance of Porous Asphalts
,” Transportation Research Record. 1265, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Vol.
82
,
1990
, pp.
82
–
86
.
22.
Chen
,
J. S.
 and
Kueiyi
,
L.
, “
Mechanism and Behavior of Bitumen Strength Reinforcement Using Fibers
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
 0022-2461, Vol.
40
, No.
1
,
2005
, pp.
87
–
95
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-005-5691-4
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
23.
Shaopeng
,
W.
,
Zheng
,
C.
,
Qunshan
,
Y.
, and
Weidong
,
L.
, “
Effects of Fibre Additive on the High Temperature Property of Asphalt Binder
,”
J. Mater. Sci.
 0022-2461, Vol.
21
, No.
1
,
2006
, pp.
28
–
31
.
24.
Muniandy
,
R.
 and
Bujang
,
B. K. H.
, “
Laboratory Diameteral Fatigue Performance of Stone Matrix Asphalt with Cellulose Oil Palm Fiber
,”
Am. J. App. Sci.
, Vol.
3
, No.
9
,
2006
, pp.
2005
–
2010
. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajassp.2006.2005.2010
25.
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
,
Specifications of Road and Bridge Works
, 4th revision,
Indian Roads Congress
,
New Delhi, India
,
2001
.
26.
Punith
,
V. S.
 and
Veeraragavan
,
A.
, “
Behaviour of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures with Reclaimed Polyethylene as Additive
,”
J. Mater. Civ. Eng.
 0899-1561, Vol.
19
, No.
6
,
2007
, pp.
500
–
507
. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:6(500)
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
27.
BIS 15462,
2004
, “
Polymer and Rubber Modified Bitumen-Specification
,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
28.
National Asphalt Pavement Association
, “
Designing and Constructing SMA Mixtures-State of the Practice
,” Quality Improvement Series (QIS), No. 122, National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA), Lanham, MD,
1999
.
29.
ASTM 1559,
1989
, “
Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Usuin Marshall Apparatus
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.03
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
30.
SP: 79,
2008
, “
Tentative Specifications for Stone Matrix Asphalt
,” Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, India.
31.
AASHTO T269,
2004
, “
Standard Test Method for Percent Air Voids in Compacted Dense and Open Asphalt Mixtures
,” AASHTO, Washington, D.C., T 269, Part 2B, pp.
1
–
4
.
32.
Sikdar
,
P. K.
,
Jain
,
S. S.
,
Bose
,
S.
, and
Kumar
,
P.
, “
Premature Cracking of Flexible Pavements
,”
J. Indian Roads Congress
, Vol.
60
, No.
3
,
1999
, pp.
355
–
398
.
33.
ASTM D4123,
1995
, “
Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of Bituminous Mixtures
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.03
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
34.
SHRP
,
Short and Long Term Aging Method M-007
,
Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council
,
Washington, D.C.
,
1992
.
35.
AASHTO T209,
2004
, “
Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of Bituminous Paving Mixtures
,” AASHTO, Washington, D.C., Part 2A, T 209, pp.
1
–
5
.
36.
Choubane
,
B.
,
Page
,
G. C.
, and
Musselmar
,
J. A.
, “
Investigation of Water Permeability of Coarse Graded Superpave Pavements
,”
Electron. J. Assoc. Asph. Paving Technol.
 1553-5576, Vol.
67
,
1998
, pp.
254
–
276
.
37.
Ghuzlan
,
K. A.
 and
Carpenter
,
S. H.
, “
Energy-Derived, Damage-Based Failure Criterion for Fatigue Testing
,” Transportation Research Record. 1723, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.,
2000
, pp.
141
–
149
.
38.
SHRP A404,
1994
, “
Fatigue Response of Asphalt Aggregate Mixes
,” Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.