Abstract
Repetitive-impact and impact toughness tests provide two distinct measures of a material's ability to resist impact-related wear phenomena. These tests are described in detail and results are presented for a variety of cast and forged wear-resistant alloys. In particular, past research at the U.S. Bureau of Mines using the ball-on-block and ball-on-ball repetitive-impact test is reviewed and the wear-related phenomena associated with repetitive impact are described. Impact toughness was measured using a modified dynamic tear test. To account for the heterogeneous and brittle nature of many wear-resistant alloys, a new tear test specimen was developed. Impact energies are presented for a variety of cast alloys and compared against literature values for static and dynamic fracture toughness of similar alloys. It is shown that repetitive-impact and single-blow impact tests allow a unique characterization of the material's behavior to crack initiation and propagation that dominate many wear environments.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Dodd.
J.
, “Progress in the Development and Use of Abrasion Resistant Alloy Irons and Steels in the Mining Industry
,” Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers, AIME
, Vol. 270
, 1981
, pp. 1923
-1930
.2.
Diesburg
, D. E.
and Borik
, F.
“Optimizing Abrasion Resistance and Toughness in Steels and Irons
,” Materials for the Mining Industry, Symposium
, Vail, CO
, 1974
, pp. 15
-42
.3.
Sare
, I. R.
, “Repeated Impact-Abrasion of Ore-Crushing Hammers
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 87
, 1983
, pp. 207
-225
.4.
Tong
, J. M.
, Zhou
, Y. Z
, Shen
, T. Y.
, and Deng
, H. J.
, “The Influence of Retained Austenite in High-Chromium Cast Iron on Impact-Abrasive Wear
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 135
, 1990
, pp. 217
-226
.5.
Bereza
, J. M.
, “Wear and Impact Resistant White Cast Irons
,” British Foundrymen
, Vol. 74
, 1981
, pp. 205
-211
.6.
Norman
, T. E.
, “A Review of Materials for Grinding Mill Liners
,” Materials for the Mining Industry, Symposium
, Vail, CO
, 1974
, pp. 207
-218
.7.
Durman
, R.
, “Materials for Comminution
,” Mining Magazine
, Vol. 156
, 1987
, pp. 144
-149
.8.
Durman
, R. W.
, “Basic Metallurgical Concept and the Mechanical Testing of Some Abrasion-Resistant Alloys
,” Foundry Trade Journal
, Vol. 134
, 1973
, pp. 645
-651
.9.
Frost
, R. H.
, Majewski
, T.
, and Krauss
, G.
, “Impact Fracture Behavior of High Chromium-Molybdenum White Cast Irons
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymens Society
, Vol. 94
, 1986
, pp. 297
-322
.10.
Wang
, A.
, De Souza
, U. J.
, and Rack
, H. J.
, “Impact Deformation and Damage of a High Chromium White Cast Iron by Spherical Projectile at Normal Incidence
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 151
, 1991
, pp. 157
-173
.11.
Fiset
, M.
, Huard
, G.
, and Masounave
, J.
, “Correlation between a Laboratory Impact-Abrasion Test and an In-Situ Marked-Ball Test
,” Tribology International
0301-679X, Vol. 23
, 1990
, pp. 329
-332
.12.
Weston
, W. B.
and McKean
, M. S.
, “Materials Improvements in Surface Mining Equipment
,” Materials for the Mining Industry, Symposium
, Vail, CO
, 1974
, pp. 125
-132
.13.
Dodd
, J.
, “Recent Developments in Abrasion Resistant High Chromium-Molybdenum Irons, Low-Alloy Manganese Steels and Alloyed Nodular Irons of Importance in the Extraction and Utilization of Energy Resources
,” Journal of Materials for Energy Systems
, Vol. 2
, 1980
, pp. 65
-75
.14.
Cox
, G. J.
, “Developments in Alloy Cast Irons
,” British Foundrymen
, Vol. 76
, 1983
, pp. 129
-144
.15.
Blickensderfer
, R.
, Tylczak
, J. H.
, and Laird
, G.
II: “Spalling of High-Chromium Cast Iron Balls Subjected to Repetitive Impact
,” Wear of Materials
, ASME
, Ludema
K. C.
, Ed., Vol. 1
, 1989
, pp. 175
-182
.16.
Blickensderfer
, R.
, Tylczak
, J. H
, and Dodd
, J.
, “The Effect of Heat Treatment on Spalling of a Cr-Mo White Cast Iron
,” in Proceedings, Wear of Materials
, ASME
, 1983
, pp. 471
-476
.17.
Dixon
, R. H. T.
, “Some Effects of Heat-Treatment upon the Impact-Fatigue Life of Ni-Hard Grinding Balls
,” Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol. 197
, 1961
, pp. 40
-48
.18.
Blickensderfer
, R.
and Forkner
, B. F.
, “A Ball-on-Block Impact-Spalling Wear Test and Results on Several Iron Alloys
,” BuMines RI 8794, Bureau of Mines
, Washington, DC
, 1983
, p. 18.19.
Laird
, G.
II, Collins
, W. K.
, and Blickensderfer
, R.
, “Crack Propagation and Spalling of White Cast Iron Balls Subjected to Repeated Impacts
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 124
, 1988
, pp. 217
-235
.20.
Thorpe
, W. R.
and Chicco
, B.
, “The Fe-Rich Corner of the Metastable C-Cr-Fe Liquidus Surface
,” Metallurgical Transactions A
, Vol. 16A
, 1985
, pp. 1541
-1549
.21.
Maratray
, F.
, “Choice of Appropriate Compositions for Cr-Mo White Irons
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 79
, 1971
, pp. 121
-124
.22.
Rivlin
, V. G.
, “Critical Review of Constitution of C-Cr-Fe and C-Fe-Mn Systems
,” International Metals Review
, Vol. 29
, 1984
, pp. 299
-327
.23.
Laird
, G.
II, “Microstructures of NiHard I, NiHard IV, and High-Cr White Cast Irons
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 99
, 1991
, pp. 339
-357
.24.
Pearce
, J. T. H.
, “Structure and Wear Performance of Abrasion Resistant Chromium White Cast Irons
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 92
, 1984
, pp. 599
-622
.25.
Laird
, G.
II, “Some Comments on White Cast Iron Microstructures and Wear Properties
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 101
, 1993
, pp. 497
-504
.26.
Impact Testing of Metals
, ASTM STP 466, American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia
, 1970
.27.
Instrumented Impact Testing
, ASTM STP 563, American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia
, 1974
.28.
Rapid Load Fracture Testing
, ASTM STP 1130, American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia
, 1992
.29.
Ohno
, A.
, Solidification—The Separation Theory and Its Practical Applications
, Springer-Verlag
, New York
, 1987
.30.
Elliott
, R.
, Eutectic Solidification Processing—Crystalline and Glassy Alloys
, Butterworths
, Boston
, 1983
.31.
Zum-Gahr
, K.
, “Fracture Analysis of White Cast Iron
,” Z. Metallkunde
, Vol. 22
, 1980
, pp. 103
-109
.32.
Burns
, D.
and Hofer
, K. E.
, “Measurement of White Iron Toughness Using an Instrumented Impact Technique
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 85
, 1977
, pp. 453
-468
.33.
Powell
, G. L. F.
, “Morphology of Eutectic M3C and M7C3 in White Iron Castings
,” Metals Forum
0160-7952, Vol. 3
, 1980
, pp. 37
-46
.34.
Blickensderfer
, R.
and Tylczak
, J. H.
, “A Large-Scale Impact Spalling Test
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 84
, 1983
, pp. 361
-373
.35.
Cox
, G. J.
, “Development of Abrasion-Resistant, Nickel-Containing Alloy White Irons of High Hardness
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 97
, 1989
, pp. 361
-372
.36.
Laird
, G.
II, “An Investigation of Ball-On-Ball Impact
,” Experimental Mechanics
, Vol. 29
, 1989
, pp. 300
-306
.37.
Leven
, M. M.
and Frocht
, M. M.
, “Stress-Concentration Factors for Single Notch in Flat Bar in Pure and Central Bending
,” Journal of Applied Mechanics
0021-8936, Vol. 19
, 1952
, pp. 560
-561
.38.
Laird
, G.
II, “NiHard 4 Revisited
,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society
, Vol. 97
, 1988
, pp. 799
-806
.39.
Blickensderfer
, R.
and Tylczak
, J. H.
, “Evaluation of Commercial U.S. Grinding Balls by Laboratory Impact and Abrasion Tests
,” Mineral & Metallurgical Processing
, Vol. 59
, 1989
, pp. 60
-66
.40.
Engel
, P. A.
, Impact Wear of Materials
, Elsevier
, New York
, 1978
, p. 339.41.
Rosenfield
, A. R.
, “Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics and Wear
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 72
, 1981
, pp. 245
-254
.42.
Shieh
, W. T.
, “Compressive Maximum Shear Crack Initiation and Propagation
,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics
0013-7944, Vol. 9
, 1977
, pp. 37
-54
.43.
Iturbe
, E. B.
, Greenfield
, I. G.
, and Chou
, T. W.
, “The Wear Mechanism Obtained in Copper by Repetitive Impacts
,” Wear
0043-1648, Vol. 74
, 1981
–1982, pp. 123
-129
.44.
Olson
, G. B.
and Cohen
, M.
, “A Mechanism for the Strain-Induced Nucleation of Martensitic Transformations
,” Journal of Less-Common Metals
0022-5088 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5088(72)90173-7, Vol. 28
, 1972
, pp. 107
-118
.45.
Patel
, J. R.
and Cohen
, M.
, “Criterion for the Action of Applied Stress in the Martensitic Transformation
,” Acta Metallurgica
0001-6160, Vol. 1
, 1953
, pp. 532
-538
.46.
Honeycombe
, R. W. K.
, Steels-Microstructure and Properties
, Edward Arnold
, London, U.K.
, 1981
, p. 244.47.
Sinatora
, A.
, Pohl
, M.
, and Waldherr
, E.- U.
, “Wear Induced Martensite in High Chromium Cast Iron
,” Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia
, Vol. 32
, 1995
, pp. 857
-861
.48.
Sare
, I. R.
, “Abrasion Resistance and Fracture Toughness of White Cast Irons
,” Metals Technology
, Vol. 6
, 1979
, pp. 412
-419
.49.
Diesburg
, D. E.
, “Fracture Toughness Test Methods for Abrasion-Resistant White Cast Irons Using Compact Specimens
,” Fracture Toughness and Slow-Stable Cracking (8th Conference)
ASTM STP 559, American Society for Testing and Materials
, Philadelphia
, Vol. 1
, 1973
, pp. 3
-14
.50.
Zum-Gahr
, K. H.
and Scholz
, W. G.
, “Fracture Toughness of White Cast Irons
,” Journal of Metals
0148-6608, Vol. 32
, 1980
, pp. 38
-44
.51.
Biner
, S. B.
, “The Role of Eutectic Carbide Morphology on the Fracture Behavior of High-Chromium Cast Irons-1. Austenitic Alloys
,” Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly
0008-4433, Vol. 24
, 1985
, pp. 155
-162
.
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.
