Abstract

Published data on ductile initiation fracture toughness, namely J-integral (Ji) and crack tip opening displacement (δi), of high-strength low-alloy steels with 275 MPa (40 ksi) minimum yield strength have been compiled along with material and testing parameters. Yield strength (σy) has been chosen as the main parameter for evaluating the compiled data. The compiled Ji and δi data showed a large range of variation at a given strength level. In an attempt to identify the testing parameters that contribute to this variation, the compiled data have been classified into four categories: (1) valid-standard, (2) valid-nonstandard, (3) invalid-standard, and (4) invalid-nonstandard. The critical review of sorted data has revealed that (1) microstructure, (2) testing method, and (3) validity contribute to both the scatter and the behavior of Ji values as a function of yield strength. The differences observed in the behavior of various sets of data are discussed considering the physical process of ductile crack initiation at the crack tip. The correlation between Ji and δi was investigated using linear regression analysis. The slope of the Ji/σy versus δi plot was found to be in the range 1.7 to 2.0.

References

1.
Turner
,
C. E.
in
Post-Yield Fracture Mechanics
,
Latzko
D. G. H.
, Ed.,
Applied Science Publishers
,
London
,
1979
, p. 23.
2.
Turner
,
C. E.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Vol. II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
G. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
80
-
120
.
3.
Anderson
,
T. L.
,
McHenry
,
H. I.
, and
Dawes
,
M. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Test Methods: The User's Experience
, ASTM STP 856,
Wessel
E. T.
and
Loss
F. J.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1985
, pp.
210
-
229
.
4.
Zia-Ebrahimi
,
F.
, “
Ductile-to-Brittle Transition in Steel Weldments for Arctic Structures
,” NBSIR-85-3020,
National Bureau of Standards
,
Boulder, Colo.
,
1985
.
5.
Ebrahimi
,
F.
, “
A Study of Crack Initiation in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Region of a Weld
,” in
Fracture Mechanics: Eighteenth Symposium
, ASTM STP 945,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1988
, pp.
555
-
580
.
6.
Wellman
,
G. W.
and
Rolfe
,
S. T.
, Bulletin 299,
Welding Research Council
,
1984
, pp.
3
-
14
.
7.
Milne
,
I.
and
Chell
,
G. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture
, ASTM STP 668,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
358
-
377
.
8.
Dawes
,
M. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture
, ASTM STP 668,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
307
-
333
.
9.
Robinson
,
J. N.
,
International Journal of Fracture Mechanics
 0376-9429, Vol.
12
, No.
5
,
1976
, p. 723.
10.
Clarke
,
G. A.
,
Andrews
,
W. R.
,
Paris
,
P. C.
and
Schmidt
,
D. W.
in
Mechanics of Crack Growth
, ASTM STP 590,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1976
, pp.
27
-
42
.
11.
Wells
,
A. A.
in
Proceedings
,
Crack Propagation Symposium
,
Cranfield, England
, Vol.
1
,
1961
, Paper B4.
12.
Ali
,
J. A.
and
Ebrahimi
,
F.
, “
Compilation and Critical Evaluation of Data on Ductile Fracture Toughness of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
,” Annual Report, NBS Grant 60NANB5D0570,
1986
.
13.
Zia-Ebrahimi
,
F.
and
Krauss
,
G.
,
Metallurgical Transactions A
. Vol.
14A
,
1983
, pp.
1109
-
1119
.
14.
Curry
,
D. A.
and
Pratt
,
P. L.
,
Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol.
37
,
1979
, pp.
223
-
235
.
15.
Smith
,
R. F.
and
Knott
,
J. F.
,
Pressure Vessel Technology
, Vol.
1
,
1980
, pp.
65
-
75
.
16.
Minium
,
E. W.
and
Clark
,
R. B.
,
Elements of Statistical Reasoning
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1982
, pp.
191
-
236
.
17.
Montgomery
,
D. C.
,
Design and Analysis of Experiments
,
Wiley
,
New York
,
1984
, pp.
9
-
38
.
18.
Hoelzer
,
D. T.
,
Ali
,
J. A.
, and
Ebrahimi
,
F.
,
Scripta Metallurgica
, Vol.
20
,
1986
, pp.
1575
-
1580
.
19.
Zia-Ebrahimi
,
F.
,
Matlock
,
D. K.
, and
Krauss
,
G.
,
Scripta Metallurgica
, Vol.
16
,
1982
, pp.
987
-
92
.
20.
Dawes
,
M. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture
, ASTM STP 668,
Landes
J. D.
,
Begley
J. A.
, and
Clarke
G. A.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
307
-
333
.
21.
Miglin
,
M. T.
,
Lin
,
I. H.
,
Hirth
,
J. P.
, and
Rosenfield
,
A. R.
in
Fracture Mechanics: Fourteenth Symposium, Volume II—Testing and Applications
, ASTM STP 791,
Lewis
J. C.
and
Sines
G.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-353-II
-
369
.
22.
Arii
,
M.
,
Kashiwaya
,
H.
, and
Yanuki
,
T.
, “
Significance of Defects in Welded Structures
,”
University of Tokyo
,
1973
, pp.
177
-
188
.
23.
Joyce
,
J. A.
and
Vassilaros
,
M. G.
in
Fracture Mechanics: Thirteenth Conference
, ASTM STP 743,
Roberts
Richard
, Ed.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1981
, pp.
525
-
542
.
24.
Druce
,
S. G.
in
Advances in Fracture Research (Fracture '81)
,
Proceedings of 5th International Conference (ICF5)
, Vol.
2
,
Cannes, France
, 29 March–3 April 1981,
Francois
D.
, Ed.,
ICF, Pergamon Press
,
Oxford
,
1982
, pp.
843
-
854
.
25.
Otsuka
,
A.
and
Miyata
,
T.
, “
Significance of Defects in Welded Structures
,”
University of Tokyo
,
1973
, pp.
292
-
307
.
26.
Anderson
,
T. L.
,
McHenry
,
H. I.
, and
Dawes
,
M. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Test Methods: The User's Experience
, ASTM STP 856,
Wessel
E. T.
and
Loss
F. J.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1985
, pp.
210
-
229
.
27.
Tsuru
,
S.
and
Garwood
,
S. J.
in
Proceedings
,
International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials
,
Cambridge, England
, 20–24 Aug. 1979, Volume
3
,
Miller
K. J.
and
Smith
R. F.
, Eds.,
Pergamon Press
,
Oxford
,
1980
, pp.
519
-
528
.
28.
Hirano
,
K.
,
Kobayashi
,
H.
, and
Nakazawa
,
H.
in
Proceedings
,
International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials
,
Cambridge, England
, 20–24 Aug. 1979, Vol.
3
,
Miller
K. J.
and
Smith
R. F.
, Eds.,
Pergamon Press
,
Oxford
,
1980
, pp.
457
-
467
.
29.
Carlson
,
K. W.
and
Williams
,
J. A.
in
Fracture Mechanics: Thirteenth Conference
, ASTM STP 743,
Roberts
Richard
, Ed.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1981
, pp.
503
-
524
.
30.
Xialo
,
Y.
and
Huang
,
G.
,
Fracture Mechanics
, Vol.
1
,
1982
, pp.
83
-
94
.
31.
Bakker
,
A.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture Test Methods: The User's Experience
, ASTM STP 856,
Wessel
E. T.
and
Loss
F. J.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1985
, pp.
394
-
410
.
32.
Willoughby
,
A. A.
,
Pratt
,
P. L.
, and
Turner
,
C. E.
,
International Journal of Fracture
, Vol.
17
, No.
5
,
10
1981
, pp.
449
-
466
.
33.
Robinson
,
J. N.
and
Tetelman
,
A. S.
,
International Journal of Fracture
, Vol.
11
,
06
1975
, pp.
453
-
468
.
34.
Ohji
,
K.
,
Otsuka
,
A.
, and
Kobayashi
,
H.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium. Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
. ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-398-II
-
419
.
35.
Barnhurst
,
R. J.
and
Gruzleski
,
J. E.
,
Metallurgical Transactions A
, Vol.
16A
,
04
1985
, pp.
613
-
622
.
36.
Fields
,
B. A.
and
Miller
,
K. J.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
9
, No.
1
, pp.
137
-
146
.
37.
Clark
,
G.
and
Knott
,
J. F.
,
Metal Science
 0306-3453,
11
1977
, p. 531.
38.
Arii
,
M.
and
Kashiwaya
,
H.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
7
,
1975
, pp.
551
-
556
.
39.
Robinson
,
J. N.
,
International Journal of Fracture
, Vol.
12
, No.
5
,
1976
, pp.
723
-
737
.
40.
Takahashi
,
H.
,
Khan
,
M. A.
, and
Suzuki
,
M.
,
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
 0090-3973, Vol.
8
, No.
2
,
03
1980
, pp.
63
-
67
.
41.
Ohsuka
,
N.
,
Nakno
,
M.
and
Ueyama
,
H.
in
Fracture Mechanics of Ductile and Tough Materials and Its Applications to Energy-Related Structures
,
Proceedings of USA-Japan Joint Seminar
,
Hyama, Japan
, 12–16 Nov. 1979,
Liu
H. W.
,
Kunio
T.
,
Weiss
V.
, and
Okamura
H.
, Eds.,
Martinus Nijhoff
,
1981
, pp.
139
-
148
.
42.
Carlson
,
J.
,
Kaiser
,
S.
,
Markstrom
,
K.
,
Wuthrich
,
C.
, and
Oberg
,
H.
in
Advances in Fracture Research (Fracture '81)
Proceedings of 5th International Conference (ICF5)
, Vol.
2
,
Cannes, France
, 29 March–3 April 1981,
Francois
D.
,
ICF, Pergamon Press
,
Oxford
,
1982
, pp.
863
-
869
.
43.
Kodaira
,
T.
and
Nakajima
,
N.
in
Criteria for Preventing Service Failure in Welded Structures
,
International Symposium of the Japan Welding Society
, 26–28 Sept. 1978,
Tokyo
,
Japan Welding Society
,
1978
, pp.
185
-
189
.
44.
Lereim
,
J.
in
Fracture and the Role of Microstructure: Volume I—Fracture and Fracture Toughness
,
Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Fracture
,
Leoben, Austria
, 22–24 Sept. 1982,
Maurer
K. L.
and
Matzer
F. E.
, Eds.,
Materials Advisory Services Ltd.
,
1982
, pp.
11
-
22
.
45.
You
,
C. P.
and
Knott
,
J. F.
in
Fracture and the Role of Microstructure: Volume 1—Fracture and Fracture Toughness
,
Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Fracture
,
Leoben, Austria
, 22–24 Sept. 1982,
Maurer
K. L.
and
Matzer
F. E.
, Eds.,
Materials Advisory Services Ltd.
,
1982
, pp.
23
-
29
.
46.
Mildner
,
H.
,
Varga
,
T.
, and
Schneeweiß
,
G.
in
Fracture and the Role of Microstructure: Volume 1—Fracture and Fracture Toughness
,
Proceedings of 4th European Conference on Fracture
,
Leoben, Austria
, 22–24 Sept. 1982,
Maurer
K. L.
and
Matzer
F. E.
, Eds.,
Materials Advisory Services Ltd.
,
1982
, pp.
207
-
217
.
47.
Schwalbe
,
K. H.
,
Hellmann
,
D.
,
Heerens
,
J.
,
Knaack
,
J.
, and
Muller-Roos
,
J.
in
Ductile Fracture Test Methods
,
Proceedings of CSNI Workshop
,
Paris
, 1–3 Dec. 1982,
Nuclear Energy Agency
,
1983
, pp.
18
-
53
.
48.
De Vries
,
M. I.
in
Ductile Fracture Test Methods
,
Proceedings of CSNI Workshop
,
Paris
, 1–3 Dec. 1982,
Nuclear Energy Agency
,
1983
, pp.
159
-
168
.
49.
Debel
,
C. P.
and
Adrian
,
F.
in
Ductile Fracture Test Methods
,
Proceedings of CSNI Workshop
,
Paris
, 1–3 Dec. 1982,
Nuclear Energy Agency
,
1983
, pp.
181
-
194
.
50.
Kobayashi
,
H.
,
Nakayama
,
H.
, and
Nakazawa
,
H.
in
Criteria for Preventing Service Failure in Welded Structures
,
3rd International Symposium of Japan Welding Society
, 26–28 Sept. 1978,
Tokyo
,
Japan Welding Society
,
1978
, pp.
191
-
196
.
51.
Lereim
,
J.
and
Embury
,
J. D.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
11
,
1979
, pp.
161
-
164
.
52.
Khan
,
M. A.
,
Shoji
,
T.
,
Niitsuma
,
H.
, and
Takahashi
,
H.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
16
, No.
5
,
1982
, pp.
645
-
658
.
53.
Berger
,
C.
,
Keller
,
H. P.
, and
Munz
,
D.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture
, ASTM STP 668,
Landes
J. D.
,
Begley
J. A.
, and
Clarke
G. A.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
378
-
405
.
54.
Khan
,
M. A.
,
Shoji
,
T.
,
Takahashi
,
H.
, and
Niitsuma
,
H.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-508-II
-
530
.
55.
Khan
,
M. A.
,
Shoji
,
T.
, and
Takahashi
,
H.
,
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
 0090-3973, Vol.
10
, No.
1
,
01
1982
, pp.
3
-
11
.
56.
Takahashi
,
H.
,
Khan
,
M. A.
, and
Suzuki
,
M.
,
Journal of Testing and Evaluation
 0090-3973, Vol.
9
, No.
1
,
01
1981
, pp.
14
-
23
.
57.
Matsushita
,
H.
and
Miyoshi
,
T.
in
Proceedings
,
Fracture Mechanics Technology Applied to Material Evaluation and Structure Design
,
Melbourne, Australia
, 10–13 Aug. 1982,
Martinus Nijhoff
,
1983
, pp.
281
-
292
.
58.
Iwadate
,
T.
,
Tanaka
,
Y.
,
Ono
,
S.
, and
Watanabe
,
J.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803.
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-531-II
-
561
.
59.
Davis
,
D. A.
,
Vassilaros
,
M. G.
, and
Gudas
,
J. P.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-582-II
-
610
.
60.
Belcher
,
W. P. A.
and
Druce
,
S. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-739-II
-
762
.
61.
Gudas
,
J. P.
,
Joyce
,
J. A.
, and
Davis
,
D. A.
in
Fracture Mechanics
, ASTM STP 677,
Smith
C. W.
, Ed.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
1979
,
Philadelphia
, pp.
474
-
485
.
62.
Garwood
,
S. J.
in
Fracture Mechanics: Twelfth Conference
, ASTM STP 700,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1980
, pp.
271
-
295
.
63.
Takahashi
,
H.
,
Khan
,
M. A.
,
Kikuchi
,
M.
, and
Suzuiki
,
M.
,
Experimental Mechanics
,
03
1981
, pp.
89
-
99
.
64.
Fearnehough
,
G. D.
,
Lees
,
G. M.
,
Lowes
,
J. M.
, and
Weiner
,
R. T.
,
Pressure Vessel Technology
, Vol.
1
, 19–23 May 1980,
London
,
Institution of Metals
,
1980
, pp.
119
-
128
.
65.
Kaiser
,
S.
and
Carlsson
,
A. J.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-58-II
-
79
.
66.
Hodulak
,
L.
and
Blauel
,
J. G.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium, Volume II—Fracture Resistance Curves and Engineering Applications
, ASTM STP 803,
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
II-103-II
-
114
.
67.
Wilson
,
A. D.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture
, ASTM STP 668,
Landes
J. D.
,
Begley
J. A.
, and
Clark
G. A.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
469
-
492
.
68.
Radovic
,
A.
,
Sedmak
,
S.
, and
Nedeljkovic
,
Lj.
in
Proceedings
,
Fourth International Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials—IV
,
Stockholm
, 15–19 Aug. 1983, Vol.
2
,
Carlsson
J.
and
Ohlson
N. G.
, Eds.,
Pergamon Press
,
Oxford
,
1984
, pp.
919
-
925
.
69.
Andrews
,
W. R.
and
Shin
,
C. F.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture
, ASTM STP 668,
Landes
J. D.
,
Begley
J. A.
, and
Clarke
G. A.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
426
-
450
.
70.
Markstrom
,
I. C.
, “
Experimental Determination of JIc Data Using Different Types of Specimen
,” Publication No. 199,
Royal Institute of Technology
,
Stockholm
,
09
1975
.
71.
Ingham
,
T.
,
Morland
,
E.
,
Baguley
,
G.
, and
Belcher
,
W. P. A.
, “
Analysis of the Behavior of Advanced Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels under Neutron Irradiation
,”
United Kingdom Energy Authority
,
04
1983
.
72.
Pisarski
H. G.
,
International Journal of Fracture
, Vol.
17
, No.
4
,
08
1981
.
73.
Cotterell
,
B.
,
Li
,
E. F.
,
Zhang
,
D. Z.
, and
Mai
,
Y. W.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
21
, No.
2
,
1985
, pp.
239
-
244
.
74.
Maiti
,
R. J.
,
Nadeu
,
S.
, and
Hawbolt
,
E. B.
,
Journal of Materials for Energy Systems
. Vol.
2
,
1980
, pp.
34
-
50
.
75.
Lautridou
,
J. C.
and
Pineau
,
A.
,
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
 0013-7944, Vol.
15
,
1981
, pp.
55
-
71
.
76.
Wei
,
Yu-Lin
and
Turner
,
C. E.
,
Journal of Materials Science
 0022-2461, Vol.
20
,
1985
, pp.
3081
-
3090
.
77.
Hoelzer
,
D. T.
,
Ali
,
J. A.
, and
Ebrahimi
,
F.
,
Scripta Metallurgica
, Vol.
20
,
1986
, pp.
1575
-
1580
.
78.
Saka
,
M.
,
Shoji
,
T.
,
Takahashi
,
H.
, and
Abé
,
H.
in
Elastic-Plastic Fracture: Second Symposium. Volume I—Inelastic Crack Analysis
, ASTM STP 803.
Shih
C. F.
and
Gudas
J. P.
, Eds.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1983
, pp.
I-130-I
-
158
.
79.
Berge
,
S.
,
Ebrahimi
,
F.
and
Read
,
D. T.
in
Fracture Mechanics: Eighteenth Symposium
, ASTM STP 945,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1988
, pp.
516
-
534
.
80.
Ohtsuka
,
N.
in
Transactions
,
International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology
,
Chicago
, 22–26 Aug. 1983,
International Association for Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology
, pp.
55
-
62
.
81.
Begley
,
J. A.
,
Logsdon
,
W. A.
, and
Landes
,
J. D.
in
Flaw Growth and Fracture
, ASTM STP 631,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1977
, pp.
112
-
120
.
82.
Garwood
,
S. J.
in
Fracture Mechanics
, ASTM STP 677,
Smith
C. W.
, Ed.,
American Society for Testing and Materials
,
Philadelphia
,
1979
, pp.
511
-
532
.
83.
Hancock
,
J. W.
and
Cowling
,
M. J.
,
Metal Science
 0306-3453, Aug.–Sept. 1980, pp.
293
-
304
.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.