The thermal loads of commercial and institutional buildings are generally cooling-dominated. When such buildings use ground source heat pump systems (GSHP) they reject more heat to the ground-loop heat exchanger than they extract over the annual cycle. In these situations, supplemental heat rejecters can be used to reduce the required size of the ground-loop heat exchanger, thereby reducing the first cost of the system. This paper describes the development, validation, and use of a design and simulation tool for modeling the performance of a hydronic pavement heating system as a supplemental heat rejecter in ground-source heat pump systems. The model uses a finite difference method to solve the transient two-dimensional heat conduction equation and has been formulated for use in component based system simulation. Full-scale experiments were conducted concurrently with the development of the model, the results of which have been used for validation purposes. An example application simulation is presented to demonstrate the use of the model as well as the viability of the use of pavement heating systems as supplemental heat rejecters in GSHP systems. [S0199-6231(00)00404-4]

Issue Section:
Technical Papers
Keywords:
heating, heat pumps, thermal analysis, finite difference methods, heat exchangers, heat conduction
Topics:
Fluids, Heat, Heat exchangers, Heat flux, Heat pumps, Heating, Pavement, Slabs, Temperature, Pipes, Heat transfer, Heat conduction
1.
Solar Energy Laboratory (SEL), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1997, “TRNSYS, A Transient Systems Simulation Program, User’s Manual,” Version 14.2.
2.
Clark, D. R., and May, W. B., 1985, “HVACSIM+ Building System and Equipment Simulation Program–Users Guide,” National Bureau of Standards.
3.
Adlam, T. N., 1950, Snow Melting, The Industrial Press, New York, NY.
4.
Chapman
,
W. P.
,
1952
, “
Design of Snow Melting Systems
,”
Heat. Vent.
, April,
49
, pp.
96
–
102
.
5.
Kilkis
,
I. B.
,
1994
, “
Design of Embedded Snow Melting Systems: Part 1, Heat Requirements—An Overall Assessment and Recommendations
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
,
100
, No.
1
, pp.
423
–
433
.
6.
ASHRAE, 1999, ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications: Chapter 49, “Snow Melting,” American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
7.
Ramsey
,
J. W.
,
Hewett
,
M. J.
,
Kuehn
,
T. H.
, and
Petersen
,
S. D.
,
1999
, “
Updated Design Guidelines for Snow Melting Systems
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
,
105
,
1055
–
1065
.
8.
Elliott
,
R. L.
,
Brock
,
F. V.
,
Stone
,
M. L.
, and
Sharp
,
S. L.
,
1994
, “
Configuration Decisions for an Automated Weather Station Network
,”
Appl. Eng. Agricul.
,
10
, No.
1
, pp.
45
–
51
.
9.
Spencer
,
J. W.
,
1971
, “
Fourier Series Representation of the Position of the Sun
,”
J. Australian New Zealand Assoc. Adv. Sci.
,
2
, No.
5
, p.
172
172
.
10.
Duffie, J. A., and Beckman, W. A., 1991, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
11.
ASHRAE, 1997, ASHRAE Handbook, Fundamentals: Chapter 29, “Fenestration,” American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
12.
Bliss
,
R. W.
,
1961
, “
Atmospheric Radiation Near the Surface of the Ground
,”
Solar Energy
,
5
, No.
3
, pp.
103
–
120
.
13.
W. H. McAdams, 1954, Heat Transmission, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.
14.
Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P., 1996, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
15.
Irvine, T. F., Jr., and Liley, P. E., 1984, Steam and Gas Tables with Computer Equations, Academic Press, Inc., New York.
16.
Chemical Rubber Company (CRC), 1980, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 61st Edition, CRC Press, Cleveland, OH.
17.
Wadivkar, O., 1997, An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermal Properties of a Bridge Deck De-Icing System, Masters Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
18.
Spitler, J. D., Fisher, D. E., and Zietlow, D. C., 1989, “A Primer on the Use of Influence Coefficients in Building Simulation,” Proc. of Building Simulation ’89, Vancouver, BC.
19.
Chiasson, A. D., 1999, Advances in Modeling of Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems, Masters Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK.
20.
Yavuzturk
,
C.
, and
Spitler
,
J. D.
,
1999
, “
A Short Time Step Response Factor Model for Vertical Ground Loop Heat Exchangers
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
,
105
, No.
2
, pp.
475
–
485
.
21.
Eskilson, P., 1987, Thermal Analysis of Heat Extraction Boreholes, Doctoral Thesis, University of Lund, Department of Mathematical Physics, Lund, Sweden.
22.
Yavuzturk
,
C.
,
Spitler
,
J. D.
, and
Rees
,
S. J.
,
1999
, “
A Transient Two-Dimensional Finite Volume Model for the Simulation of Vertical U-Tube Ground Heat Exchangers
,”
ASHRAE Trans.
,
105
, No.
2
, pp.
465
–
474
.
23.
Spitler, J. D., Marshall, C., Delahoussaye, R., and Manicham, M., 1996, Users Guide of GLHEPRO, Stillwater, OK, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University.
Copyright © 2000
 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.