The FAST Code which is capable of determining structural loads of a flexible, teetering, horizontal axis wind turbine is described and comparisons of calculated loads with test data are given at two wind speeds for the ESI-80. The FAST Code models a two-bladed HAWT with degrees-of-freedom for blade bending, teeter, drive train flexibility, yaw, and windwise and crosswind tower motion. The code allows blade dimensions, stiffnesses, and weights to differ and the code models tower shadow, wind shear, and turbulence. Additionally, dynamic stall is included as are delta-3 and an underslung rotor. Load comparisons are made with ESI-80 test data in the form of power spectral density, rainflow counting, occurrence histograms, and azimuth averaged bin plots. It is concluded that agreement between the FAST Code and test results is good.

Issue Section:
Research Papers
Topics:
Blades, Horizontal axis wind turbines, Stress, Degrees of freedom, Dimensions, Rotors, Shades and shadows, Spectral energy distribution, Trains, Turbulence, Wind shear, Wind velocity, Yaw
1.
Anderson, M. B., 1982, “The Interaction of Turbulence with a HAWT,” Proceedings, Fourth British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) Wind Energy Conference, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, pp. 104–118.
2.
Bywaters, G., 1992, personal communication, Oct.
3.
Connell, J. R., 1981, “The Spectrum of Wind Speed Fluctuations Encountered by a Rotating Blade of a WECS,” PNL 4083, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA.
4.
Connell, J. R., 1982, “The Spectrum of Wind Speed Fluctuations Encountered by a Rotating Blade of a WECS,” Solar Energy, Vol. 29.
5.
Freeman, L. N., 1996, “Stochastic Loads on Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades,” Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, May.
6.
Garrad, A. D., and Hassan, U., 1986, “The Dynamic Response of Wind Turbines for Fatigue Life and Extreme Load Prediction,” European Wind Energy Conference (EWEC).
7.
Holley, W. E., 1985, “An Atmospheric Turbulence Model for Wind Turbine Dynamic Simulation: Its Verification and Implementation into the FLAP Code,” Oregon State University, unpublished OSU report.
8.
Holley, W. E., Thresher, R. W., and Jafarey, N., 1981, “Wind Response Characteristics of HAWTs,” Proceedings, Wind Turbine Dynamics Workshop, Cleveland, OH, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
9.
Homicz, G. F., 1987, “VAWT Aerodynamic Modeling with Stochastic Winds,” 7th Annual VAWT Aerodynamics Seminar, Bushland, TX, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM.
10.
Homicz, G. F., 1988, “VAWT Stochastic Loads Using a Full 3-D Simulation,” 8th Annual VAWT Aerodynamics Seminar, Bushland, TX.
11.
Kelley, N. D., 1993, “Full Vector (3-D) Inflow Simulation in Natural and Wind Farm Environments Using an Expanded Version of the SNLWIND (VEERS)Turbulence Code,” Wind Energy—1993, S. M. Hock, ed., ASME SED-Vol. 14, ASME, New York.
12.
Kristensen, L., and Frandsen, S., 1982, “Model for Power Spectra of the Blade of a Wind Turbine Measured from the Moving Frame of Reference,” J. of Wind Engr. and Ind. Aero., Vol. 10.
13.
Lindenburg, C. and Snel, H., 1993, “PHATAS-11 Program for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Analysis and Simulation Version 11,” Wind Energy—1993, S. M. Hock, ed., ASME SED-Vol. 14, ASME, New York.
14.
Madsen, P. H., 1986, “DAP-1, A Data Analysis Package for Spectral Analysis, Version 1.2,” Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, CO, SERI internal unpublished report.
15.
Malcolm, D. J., and Wright, A. D., 1994, “The Use of ADAMS to Model the AWT-26 Prototype,” Wind Energy—1994, W. D. Musial, ed., ASME SED-Vol.15, ASME, New York.
16.
McCoy, T. J., January 1992, “Development of Stochastic Loads for the Design of an Advanced Wind Turbine,” Eleventh ASME Wind Energy Symposium Proceedings, P. S. Veers and S. M. Hock, eds., ASME, New York.
17.
Musial, W. D., Butterfleld, C. P., and Handman, D., 1985, “ESI-80/EPRI Test Program,” EPRI Research Project RP1996-A, final draft report.
18.
Powles, S. J. R., and Anderson, M. B., 1984, The Effect of Stochastic and Deterministic Loading on Fatigue Damage in a Large HAWT, Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons Ltd., London.
19.
Putnam, P. C., 1948, Final Report on the Smith-Putnam Wind Turbine, Engineering Research Division, New York University, War Production Board.
20.
Rosenbrock, H. H., 1955, “Vibration and Stability Problems in Large Wind Turbines Having Hinged Blades,” Electrical Research Association Report, C/T 113, London.
21.
Sundar, R. M., and Sullivan, J. P., 1981, “Performance of Wind Turbines in a Turbulent Atmosphere,” Proceedings, Wind Trubine Dynamics, NASA CP 2185, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
22.
Sutherland, H. J., 1993, “Effect of Flap and Edgewise Bending Moment Phase Relationships on the Fatigue Loads of a Typical HAWT Blade,” Wind Energy—1993, edited by S. M. Hock, ed., ASME SED-Vol. 14, ASME, New York.
23.
Thresher, R. W., and Hershberg, E. L., 1985, “Development of an Analytical Model and Code for the Flapping Response of a HAWT Rotor Blade,” SERI/STR-217-2629, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
24.
Thresher, R. W., Holley, W. E., and Lin, S. R., 1981, “The Response Sensitivity of Wind Turbines to Atmospheric Turbulence,” Proceedings, Wind Turbine Dynamics Workshop, Cleveland, OH, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
25.
Veers, P. S., 1984, “Modeling Stochastic Wind Loads on Vertical Axis Wind Turbines,” SAND83-1909, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM.
26.
Veers, P. S., 1988, “Three-Dimensional Wind Simulation,” SAND88-0152, Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM.
27.
Wilson, R. E., Walker, S. N., and Freeman, L. N., July 1994, “Advanced Dynamics Code Development,” OSU/NREL Report 94-01, Phase III Annual Technical Progress Report, Mechanical Engineering Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
28.
Winkelaar, D., 1991, “Fast Three-Dimensional Wind Simulation and the Prediction of Stochastic Blade Loads,” Tenth ASME Wind Energy Symposium, Houston, TX.
29.
Wright, A. D., 1991, Digitized ESI-80 Test Data, (unpublished), SERI, Aug.
30.
Wright, A. D., and Butterfield, C. P., 1992, “The NREL Teetering Hub Rotor Code: Final Test Results and Conclusion,” Eleventh ASME Wind Energy Symposium Proceedings, P. S. Veers and S. M. Hock, eds. ASME, New York.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1998
 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.