Abstract

Modern technical systems consist of heterogeneous components, including mechanical parts, hardware, and the extensive software part that allows the autonomous system operation. The heterogeneity and autonomy require appropriate models that can describe the mutual interaction of the components. uml and sysml are widely accepted candidates for system modeling and model-based analysis in early design phases, including the analysis of reliability properties. uml and sysml models are semiformal. Thus, transformation methods to formal models are required. Recently, we introduced a stochastic dual-graph error propagation model (DEPM). This model captures the control and data flow structures of a system and allows the computation of advanced risk metrics using probabilistic model checking techniques. This article presents a new automated transformation method of an annotated state machine diagram (SMD), extended with activity diagrams (ADs), to a hierarchical DEPM. This method will help reliability engineers to keep error propagation models up to date and ensure their consistency with the available system models. The capabilities and limitations of the transformation algorithm are described in detail and demonstrated on a complete model-based error propagation analysis of an autonomous medical patient table (MPT).

References

1.
Marca
,
D.
, and McGowan, C.,
1987
,
Structured Analysis and Design Technique
,
McGraw-Hill
, New York.
2.
Feiler
,
P.
,
Gluch
,
D.
, and
Hudak
,
J.
,
2006
, “
The Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL): An Introduction
,” Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, Report No
. CMU/SEI-2006-TN-011.
3.
MathWorks
,
2020
, “
Matlab & Simulink: Simulink User's Guide r2020a
,” MathWorks, Natick, MA.
4.
MathWorks
,
2020
, “
Matlab & Simulink: Stateflow User's Guide r2020a
,” MathWorks, Natick, MA.
5.
Object Management Group (OMG)
,
2015
, “
OMG Unified Modeling Language (OMG UML)
,” OMG Document Number formal/15-03-01, accessed Aug. 16, 2021, https://www.omg.org/spec/UML/2.5/PDF
6.
Object Management Group (OMG)
,
2015
, “
OMG Systems Modeling Language (OMG SysML)
,” OMG Document Number formal/19-11-01, accessed Aug. 16, 2021, https://www.omg.org/spec/SysML/1.6/PDF
7.
Morozov
,
A.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2014
, “
Probabilistic Error Propagation Model for Mechatronic Systems
,”
Mechatronics
,
24
(
8
), pp.
1189
1202
.
8.
Morozov
,
A.
,
Tuk
,
R.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2015
, “
ErrorPro: Software Tool for Stochastic Error Propagation Analysis
,”
First International Workshop on Resiliency in Embedded Electronic Systems
, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Oct. 8, pp.
59
60
.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrey-Morozov-11/publication/350587412_ErrorPro_Software_Tool_for_Stochastic_Error_Propagation_Analysis/links/60671594299bf1252e21c772/ErrorPro-Software-Tool-for-Stochastic-Error-Propagation-Analysis.pdf
9.
Morozov
,
A.
,
Ding
,
K.
,
Steurer
,
M.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2019
, “
OpenErrorPro: A New Tool for Stochastic Model-Based Reliability and Resilience Analysis
,” IEEE 30th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (
ISSRE
), Berlin, Oct. 28–31, pp.
303
312
.
10.
Morozov
,
A.
,
Janschek
,
K.
,
Kr ¨Uger
,
T.
, and., and
Schiele
,
A.
,
2016
, “
Stochastic Error Propagation Analysis of Model-Driven Space Robotic Software Implemented in Simulink
,”
Third Workshop on Model-Driven Robot Software Engineering
, Leipzig, Germany, July 1, pp. 24–31.
11.
Lattner
,
C.
, and
Adve
,
V.
,
2004
, “
LLVM: A Compiilation Framework for Lifelong Program Analysis & Transformation
,” Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (
CGO'04
), Palo Alto, CA, Mar. 20–24, pp.
75
86
.
12.
Secchi
,
C.
,
Bonfe
,
M.
, and
Fantuzzi
,
C.
,
2007
, “
On Theuse of UML for Modeling Mechatronic Systems
,”
IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng.
,
4
(
1
), pp.
105
113
.
13.
Barbieri
,
G.
,
Fantuzzi
,
C.
, and
Borsari
,
R.
,
2014
, “
A Model-Based Design Methodology for the Development of Mechatronic Systems
,”
Mechatronics
,
24
(
7
), pp.
833
843
.
14.
Vogel-Heuser
,
B.
,
Schütz
,
D.
,
Frank
,
T.
, and
Legat
,
C.
,
2014
, “
Model-Driven Engineering of Manufacturing Automation Software Projects–A SysML-Based Approach
,”
Mechatronics
,
24
(
7
), pp.
883
897
.
15.
Valles-Barajas
,
F.
,
2011
, “
A Survey of UML Applications in Mechatronic Systems
,”
Innovations Syst. Software Eng.
,
7
(
1
), pp.
43
51
.
16.
Mhenni
,
F.
,
Choley
,
J.
,
Riviere
,
A.
,
Nguyen
,
N.
, and
Kadima
,
H.
,
2012
, “
SysML and Safety Analysisfor Mechatronic Systems
,” 13th International Workshop on Mechatronics (MECATRONICS), Ninth France-Japan Seventh Europe-Asia Congress on and Research and Education in Mechatronics (
REM
), Paris, France, Nov. 21–23, pp.
417
424
.
17.
David
,
P.
,
Idasiak
,
V.
, and
Kratz
,
F.
,
2010
, “
Reliability Study of Complex Physical Systems Using SysML
,”
Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf.
,
95
(
4
), pp.
431
450
.
18.
Batteux
,
M.
,
Prosvirnova
,
T.
,
Rauzy
,
A.
, and
Kloul
,
L.
,
2013
, “
The AltaRica 3.0 Project for Model-Based Safety Assessment
,” Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (
INDIN
), Bochum, Germany, July 29–31, pp.
741
746
.https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01789435/file/PBB13_DCDS2013_AltaRica3_0.pdf
19.
Störrle
,
H.
, and
Hausmann
,
J.
,
2004
, “
Semantics of UML 2.0 Activities
,”
Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing
, Rome, Italy, Sept. 26–29, pp.
235
242
.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/220673121_Semantics_of_Structured_Nodes_in_UML_20_Activities
20.
Störrle
,
H.
,
2005
, “
Semantics and Verification of Dataflow in UML 2.0 Activities
,”
Electron. Notes Theor. Comput. Sci.
,
127
(
4
), pp.
35
52
.
21.
Staines
,
T. S.
,
2008
, “
Intuitive Mapping of UML 2 Activity Diagrams Into Fundamental Modeling Concept Petri Net Diagrams and Colored Petri Nets
,”
15th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshop on the Engineering of Computer Based Systems
(
ECBS 2008
), IEEE, Belfast, Northern Ireland, Mar. 31– Apr. 4, pp.
191
200
.
22.
Agarwal
,
B.
,
2012
, “
Some Rules to Transform Activity Diagrams Into Colored Petri Nets
,” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (
IJRTE
),
1
(
5
), pp.
51
56
.
23.
Andrade
,
E.
,
Maciel
,
P.
,
Callou
,
G.
, and
Nogueira
,
B.
,
2009
, “
A Methodology for Mapping SysML Activity Diagram to Time Petri Net for Requirement Validation of Embedded Real-Time Systems With Energy Constraints
,” Third International Conference on Digital Society (
ICDS '09
)
, Cancun, Mexico, Feb. 1–7, pp.
266
271
.
24.
Bernardi
,
S.
,
Donatelli
,
S.
, and
Merseguer
,
J.
,
2002
, “
From UML Sequence Diagrams and Statecharts to Analysable Petri Net Models
,”
Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Software and Performance
,
ACM
, Rome, Italy, July 24–26, pp.
35
45
.
25.
Carneiro
,
E.
,
Maciel
,
P.
,
Callou
,
G.
,
Tavares
,
E.
, and
Nogueira
,
B.
,
2008
, “
Mapping SysML State Machine Diagram to Time Petri Net for Analysis and Verification of Embedded Real-Time Systems With Energy Constraints
,” International Conference on Advances in Electronics and Microelectronics (
ENICS'08
)
,
IEEE
, Valencia, Spain, Sept. 29–Oct. 4, pp.
1
6
.
26.
Merseguer
,
J.
,
Campos
,
J.
,
Bernardi
,
S.
, and
Donatelli
,
S.
,
2002
, “
A Compositional Semantics for UML State Machines Aimed at Performance Evaluation
,”
Sixth International Workshop on Discrete Event Systems
,
IEEE
, Zaragoza, Spain, Oct. 2–4, pp.
295
302
.
27.
Mutzke
,
T.
,
Ding
,
K.
,
Morozov
,
A.
,
Janschek
,
K.
, and
Braun
,
J.
,
2016
, “
Model-Based Analysis of Timing Errors for Reliable Design of Mechatronic Medical Devices
,” Third Conference on Control and Fault-Tolerant Systems (
SysTol
),
IEEE
, Barcelona, Spain, Sept. 7–9, pp.
233
238
.
28.
Lam
,
V. S. W.
,
2007
, “
A Formalism for Reasoning About UML Activity Diagrams
,”
Nordic J. Comput.
,
14
(
1
), pp.
43
64
.
29.
Latella
,
D.
,
Majzik
,
I.
, and
Massink
,
M.
,
1999
, “
Automatic Verification of a Behavioural Subset of UML State-Chart Diagrams Using the SPIN Model-Checker
,”
Formal Aspects Comput.
,
11
(
6
), pp.
637
664
.
30.
Kwiatkowska
,
M.
,
Norman
,
G.
, and
Parker
,
D.
,
2011
, “
PRISM 4.0: Verification of Probabilistic Real-Time Systems
,”
Proceedings of 23rd International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
(
CAV'11
),
G.
Gopalakrishnan
, and
S.
Qadeer
, eds., Vol.
6806
of LNCS,
Springer
, Snowbird, UT, July 14–20, pp.
585
591
.
31.
Jarraya
,
Y.
,
Soeanu
,
A.
,
Debbabi
,
M.
, and
Hassaine
,
F.
,
2007
, “
Automatic Verification and Performance Analysis of Time-Constrained SysML Activity Diagrams
,” 14th Annual IEEE International Conference and Workshops on the Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (
ECBS'07
), Tucson, AZ, Mar. 26–29, pp.
515
522
.
32.
Morozov
,
A.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2011
, “
Dual Graph Error Propagation Model for Mechatronic System Analysis
,”
IFAC Proc. Vols.
,
44
(
1
), pp.
9893
9898
(18th IFAC World Congress).
33.
Morozov
,
A.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2013
, “
Case Study Results for Probabilistic Error Propagation Analysis of a Mechatronic System
,”
Tagungsband Fachtagung Mechatronik
, Aachen, Germany, Mar. 6–8, pp.
229
–2
34
.
34.
Ding
,
K.
,
Mutzke
,
T.
,
Morozov
,
A.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2016
, “
Automatic Transformation of UML System Models for Model-Based Error Propagation Analysis of Mechatronic Systems
,”
IFAC-PapersOnLine
,
49
(
21
), pp.
439
446
.
35.
Bozzano
,
M.
,
Bruintjes
,
H.
,
Cimatti
,
A.
,
Katoen
,
J.-P.
,
Noll
,
T.
, and
Tonetta
,
S.
,
2017
, “
Formal Methods for Aerospace Systems
,”
Cyber-Physical System Design From an Architecture Analysis Viewpoint: Communications of NII Shonan Meetings
,
Springer
, Singapore, pp.
133
159
.
36.
Morozov
,
A.
,
Mutzke
,
T.
,
Ren
,
B.
, and
Janschek
,
K.
,
2018
, “
AADL-Based Stochastic Error Propagation Analysis for Reliable System Design of a Medical Patient Table
,”
IEEE Annual Reliability & Maintainability Symposium (RAMS)
, Reno, NV, Jan. 22–25, pp.
1
7
.
37.
Brameret
,
P.-A.
,
Rauzy
,
A.
, and
Roussel
,
J.-M.
,
2015
, “
Automated Generation of Partial Markov Chain From High Level Descriptions
,”
Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf.
,
139
, pp.
179
187
.
38.
David
,
P.
,
Idasiak
,
V.
, and
Kratz
,
F.
,
2009
, “
Automating the Synthesis of AltaRica Data-Flow Models From SysML
,”
Reliability, Risk, and Safety, Three Volume Set
. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp.
139
146
.
39.
Brunel
,
J.
,
Feiler
,
P.
,
Hugues
,
J.
,
Lewis
,
B.
,
Prosvirnova
,
T.
,
Seguin
,
C.
, and
Wrage
,
L.
,
2017
, “
Performing Safety Analyses With AADL and Altarica
,”
Model-Based Safety and Assessment
,
M.
Bozzano
, and
Y.
Papadopoulos
, eds.,
Springer International Publishing
, Trento, Italy, Sept. 11–13, pp.
67
81
.
40.
Pfeffer
,
A.
,
2009
, “
Figaro: An Object-Oriented Probabilistic Programming Language
,”
Charles River Anal. Tech. Rep.
,
137
, p.
96
.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228685590_Figaro_An_objectoriented_probabilistic_programming_language
41.
Bouissou
,
M.
,
Humbert
,
S.
,
Muffat
,
S.
, and
Villatte
,
N.
,
2002
, “
Kb3 Tool: Feedback on Knowledge Bases
,” Proceedings of the 11th European Safety and Reliability Conference (
ESREL02
), Lyon, France,Mar. 18–21, pp 124–130.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242114569_KB3_TOOL_FEEDBACK_ON_KNOWLEDGE_BASES
42.
Bouissou
,
M.
, and
Lefebvre
,
Y.
,
2002
, “
A Path-Based Algorithm to Evaluate Asymptotic Unavailability for Large Markov Models
,”
Proceedings of Reliability and Maintain-Ability Symposium
,
IEEE
, Seattle, WA, Jan. 28–31, pp.
32
39
.
43.
Viboonchaicheep
,
P.
,
Shimada
,
A.
, and
Kosaka
,
Y.
,
2003
, “
Position Rectification Control for Mecanum Wheeled Omni-Directional Vehicles
,” The 29th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Industrial Electronics Society (
IECON '03
), Vol.
1
, Roanoke, VA, Nov. 2–6, pp.
854
859
.
44.
Shimada
,
A.
,
Yajima
,
S.
,
Viboonchaicheep
,
P.
, and
Samura
,
K.
,
2005
, “
Mecanum-Wheel Vehicle Systemsbased on Position Corrective Control
,” 31st Annual Conference of IEEE, Industrial Electronics Society (
IECON 2005
), Raleigh, NC, Nove. 6–10, p.
6
.
45.
Tlale
,
N.
, and
de Villiers
,
M.
,
2008
, “
Kinematics and Dynamics Modelling of a Mecanum Wheeled Mobile Platform
,” 15th International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (
M2VIP 2008
), Auckland, New Zealand, Dec. 2–4, pp.
657
662
.
You do not currently have access to this content.