... modes yields accurate results, while additional ovality modes or zero ovality mode can lead to overprediction of the elastic bending moment capacity. The introduction of the NOWARP condition enhances the accuracy of the ELBOW31 model, while the NOOVAL condition alone produces unrealistic results...

... are included. The results reveal that the parameter K t is closely related to the design life, loading level, operation temperature, and loading combinations. It can be higher than that for the pure bending moment (or tensile loading) with the introduction of the tensile loading (or the bending moment...

... from finite element analysis (FEA) are validated using four-point bending test on gasketed flange joint. The sealing and strength criteria are considered to determine the maximum allowable bending moment at different internal fluid temperatures, for both single- and twin-gasketed flange joints...