Abstract
Advanced small modular reactors strive to improve reactor safety through increased utilization of passive heat transport and safety systems. An innovative means of meeting this design goal is to use alkali metal heat pipes to cool the reactor under both normal and abnormal operating conditions. A heat pipe model has been added to the ARIANT thermalhydraulic code to enable reactor modeling and support the design and licensing of new reactors. Saturation fluid properties are a fundamental input to this model. Consequently, this article provides a comprehensive comparative overview of the best available sodium saturation property correlations developed over the past century. The results show most of the sodium property correlations needed to model a heat pipe are relatively well-defined and recommendations for their use can be provided.
Issue Section:
Review Articles
References
1.
Xu
,
T.
,
Huang
,
X.
, and
Aydemir
,
N. U.
, forthcoming, “
Development of ARIANT for High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Simulations
,” The International Conference on Mathematics and Computational Methods Applied to Nuclear Science and Engineering (M&C 2023)
, August 13–17, Niagara Falls, Canada
, Paper No. 414.2.
Beuthe
,
T.
,
Jazebizadeh
,
H.
,
Vasić
,
A.
,
Pegarkov
,
A.
,
Kaya
,
T.
, and
Zahlan
,
H.
, forthcoming
, “
Development of Analysis Tools for Heat Pipes Used in the Core Cooling of Small Modular Reactors: Potassium Property Correlations
,” ASME J. Nucl. Eng. Radiat. Sci.
, accepted.10.1115/1.40627523.
Rinck
,
M. E.
, 1929
, “
Densités du Potassium et du Sodium Liquid
,” C.R. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci.
,
189
(2
), pp. 39
–41
.https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3142j4.
Ewing
,
C. T.
,
Grand
,
J. A.
, and
Miller
,
R. R.
, 1951
, “
Viscosity of the Sodium–Potassium System
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
,
73
(3
), pp. 1168
–1171
.10.1021/ja01147a0865.
Ewing
,
C. T.
,
Grand
,
J. A.
, and
Miller
,
R. R.
, 1952
, “
Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Sodium and Potassium
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
,
74
(1
), pp. 11
–14
.10.1021/ja01121a0036.
Douglas
,
T. B.
,
Ball
,
A. F.
,
Ginnings
,
D. C.
, and
Davis
,
W. D.
, 1952
, “
Heat Capacity of Potassium and Three Potassium-Sodium Alloys Between 0° and 800°, the Triple Point and Heat of Fusion of Potassium
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
,
74
(10
), pp. 2472
–2478
.10.1021/ja01130a0087.
Novikov
,
I. I.
,
Solovyev
,
A. N.
,
Khabakhpasheva
,
E. M.
,
Gruzdev
,
V. A.
,
Pridantsev
,
A. I.
, and
Vasenina
,
M.
, 1956
, “
Heat Transfer and Thermophysical Properties of Molten Alkali Metals
,” Sov. At. Energy
,
1
(4
), pp. 545
–560
.10.1007/BF014798568.
Holtz
,
R. E.
, 1964
, “
A Study of the Initiation of Nucleate Boiling in the Liquid Metals
,” Argonne National Laboratory, Reactor Engineering Division, Argonne, IL, Report No. ANL-6980
.10.2172/46607019.
Dillon
,
I. G.
,
Nelson
,
P. A.
, and
Swanson
,
B. S.
, 1965
, “
Critical Temperatures and Densities of the Alkali Metals
,” Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Division
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. ANL-7025.10.
Achener
,
P. Y.
, and
Jouthas
,
J. T.
, 1969
, “
Alkali Metals Evaluation Program: Thermal Conductivity of Liquid Sodium
,” Vol. 7, Aerojet-General Corporation, Nuclear Division
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. AGN-8191.11.
Novikov
,
I. I.
,
Gruzdev
,
V. A.
,
Kraev
,
O. A.
,
Odintsov
,
A. A.
, and
Roshchupkin
,
V. V.
, 1969
, “
Experimental Study of the Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Alkali Metals at High Temperatures
,” Teplofiz. Vys. Temp.
,
7
(1
), pp. 71
–74
(in Russian).12.
Evans
,
W. H.
,
Jacobson
,
R.
,
Munson
,
T. R.
, and
Wagman
,
D. D.
, 1955
, “
Thermodynamic Properties of the Alkali Metals
,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)
,
55
(2
), pp. 83
–96
.10.6028/jres.055.01013.
Makansi
,
M.
,
Selke
,
W. A.
, and
Bonilla
,
C. F.
, 1960
, “
Thermodynamic Properties of Sodium
,” J. Chem. Eng. Data
,
5
(4
), pp. 441
–452
.10.1021/je60008a01114.
Grosse
,
A. V.
, 1961
, “
The Viscosity of Liquid Metals and an Empirical Relationship Between Their Activation Energy of Viscosity and Their Melting Points
,” J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
,
23
(3–4
), pp. 333
–339
.10.1016/0022-1902(61)80264-915.
Chapman
,
T. W.
, 1966
, “
The Viscosity of Liquid Metals
,” AIChE J.
,
12
(2
), pp. 395
–400
.10.1002/aic.69012023316.
Oldham
,
J. L.
, 1967
, “
Thermodynamic Properties of Sodium and Potassium
,” Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California
, Livermore, CA
, Report No. UCID-15271.17.
Lee
,
C. S.
,
Lee
,
D. I.
, and
Bonilla
,
C. F.
, 1969
, “
Calculation of the Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium and Cesium Vapors to 3000°K
,” Nucl. Eng. Des.
,
10
(1
), pp. 83
–114
.10.1016/0029-5493(69)90008-918.
Pasternak
,
A. D.
, 1972
, “
Liquid Metal Transport Properties
,” Phys. Chem. Liq.
,
3
(1
), pp. 41
–53
.10.1080/0031910720808408719.
Young
,
D. A.
, 1977
, “
A Soft-Sphere Model for Liquid Metals
,” Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California
, Livermore, CA
, Report No. UCRL-52352.20.
Agrawal
,
D. C.
, and
Menon
,
V. J.
, 1989
, “
Surface Tension, Evaporation and Eotvos Law for Liquid Metals
,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
,
1
(26
), pp. 4161
–4168
.10.1088/0953-8984/1/26/01221.
Yaldram
,
K.
,
Sadiq
,
A.
, and
Murad
,
S.
, 1989
, “
Molecular Dynamics: Application to Liquid Sodium
,” Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Nuclear Physics Division
, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
, Report No. PINSTECH/NPD-124.22.
Sayem El-Daher
,
M.
, and
Murphy
,
R. D.
, 2002
, “
Temperature Dependence of Transport Properties of Liquid Sodium and Potassium
,” Phys. Chem. Liq.
,
40
(4
), pp. 469
–475
.10.1080/0031910029001038323.
Harchaoui
,
N.
,
Hellal
,
S.
,
Grosdidier
,
B.
, and
Gasser
,
J. G.
, 2018
, “
Shear Viscosities of Liquid Sodium and Potassium Using Green-Kubo and “First Principles” Pseudopotential Formalisms
,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids
,
499
, pp. 350
–359
.10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.07.05224.
Glassner
,
A.
, 1957
, “
The Thermochemical Properties of the Oxides, Flourides, and Chlorides to 2500°K
,” Argonne National Laboratory
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. ANL-5750.25.
Weatherford
,
W. D.
, Jr.
,
Tyler
,
J. C.
, and
Ku
,
P. M.
, 1961
, “
Properties of Inorganic Energy-Conversion and Heat-Transfer Fluids for Space Applications
,” Southwest Research Institute
, San Antonio, TX
, Report No. WADD-TR-61-96.26.
Shpil-Rain
,
E. E.
,
Yakimovich
,
K. A.
,
Totskii
,
E. E.
,
Timrot
,
D. L.
, and
Fomin
,
V. A.
, 1971
, “
Thermophysical Properties of Alkali Metals
,” Translated by Robert A. Potts, United States Air Force, Foreign Technology Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
, OH
, Report No. FTD-MT-24-120-70.27.
Foust
,
O.J.
, ed., 1972
, Sodium-NaK Engineering Handbook: Sodium Chemistry and Physical Properties
, Vol.
I
,
Gordon and Breach, USAEC
,
New York, NY
, Report No. TID-26008.28.
Wagman
,
D. D.
,
Evans
,
W. H.
,
Parker
,
V. B.
,
Schumm
,
R. H.
, and
Nuttall
,
R. L.
, 1981
, “
Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties: Compounds of Uranium, Protactinium, Thorium, Actinium, and the Alkali Metals
,” National Bureau of Standards
, Washington, DC
, Report No. PB-81-223463.29.
Fink
,
J. K.
, 1982
, “
Tables of Thermodynamic Properties of Sodium
,” Argonne National Laboratory
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. ANL-CEN-RSD-82-4.30.
Alcock
,
C. B.
,
Chase
,
M. W.
, and
Itkin
,
V. P.
, 1994
, “
Thermodynamic Properties of the Group IA Elements
,” J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data
,
23
(3
), pp. 385
–497
.10.1063/1.55594531.
Fink
,
J. K.
, and
Leibowitz
,
L.
, 1995
, “
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Sodium Liquid and Vapor
,” Argonne National Laboratory
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. ANL/RE-95/2.32.
Fink
,
J. K.
, and
Leibowitz
,
L.
, 1982
, “
Calculation of Thermophysical Properties of Sodium
,” Argonne National Laboratory
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. CONF-8106164-5.33.
Liley
,
P. E.
,
Thomson
,
G. H.
,
Friend
,
D. G.
,
Daubert
,
T. E.
, and
Buck
,
E.
, 1999
, “
Section 2: Physical and Chemical Data
,” Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook
,
R. H.
Perry
, and
D. W.
Green
, eds.
, McGraw-Hill
,
New York, NY
.34.
Meisl
,
C. J.
, and
Shapiro
,
A.
, 1960
, “
Thermodynamic Properties of Alkali Metal Vapors and Mercury
,” General Electric Company, Flight Propulsion Laboratory Department
, Cincinnati, OH
, Report No. R60FPD358-A.35.
Golden
,
G. H.
, and
Tokar
,
J. V.
, 1967
, “
Thermophysical Properties of Sodium
,” Argonne National Laboratory
, Argonne, IL
, Report No. ANL-7323.36.
Skrabek
,
E. A.
, 1972
, “
Heat Pipe Design Handbook: Part I
,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration
, Washington, DC
, Report No. NASA-CR-134264.37.
Padilla
,
A.
, Jr.
, 1978
, “
High Temperature Thermodynamic Properties of Sodium
,” Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory
, Richland, WA
, Report No. HEDL-TME 77–27.38.
Brennan
,
P. J.
, and
Kroliczek
,
E. J.
, 1979
, “
Heat Pipe Design Handbook: Volume II
,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration
, Washington, DC
, Report No. NASA-CR-163662.39.
Prenger
, Jr.
,
F. C.
, 1979
, “
Heat Pipe Computer Program (HTPIPE) User's Manual
,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
, Los Alamos, NM
, Report No. LA-8101-M.40.
Kirillov
,
P. L.
, 2006
, “
Thermophysical Properties of Materials for Nuclear Engineering
,” Institute for Heat and Mass Transfer in Nuclear Power Plants
, Obninsk, Russia
, Report No. UDK 621.039.53/54 (031).41.
Reay
,
D. A.
, and
Kew
,
P. A.
, 2006
, Heat Pipes: Theory, Design and Applications
, 5th ed.,
Elsevier
,
New York, NY
.42.
Reay
,
D. A.
,
Kew
,
P. A.
, and
McGlen
,
R. J.
, 2014
, Heat Pipes: Theory, Design and Application
, 6th ed.,
Elsevier
,
New York, NY
.43.
Zohuri
,
B.
, 2016
, Heat Pipe Design and Technology: Modern Applications for Practical Thermal Management
, 2nd ed.,
Springer
, Cham,
Switzerland
.44.
IAEA
, 2008
, Thermophysical Properties of Materials for Nuclear Engineering: A Tutorial and Collection of Data
,
International Atomic Energy Agency
,
Vienna, Austria
.45.
Sobolev
,
V.
, 2011
, “
Database of Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metal Coolants for GEN-IV: Sodium, Lead, Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (and Bismuth)
,” Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK CEN, Mol, Belgium, Report No. BLG-1069.46.
Faghri
,
A.
, 2016
, Heat Pipe Science and Technology
, 2nd ed.,
Global Digital Press
.47.
Linstrom
,
P.J.
, and
Mallard
,
W.G.
, eds., NIST Chemistry WebBook, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69
,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
,
Gaithersburg, MD
.48.
Thompson
,
A.
, and
Taylor
,
B. N.
, 2008
, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)
,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
,
Gaithersburg, MD
, NIST Special Publication 811.49.
Chase
,
M. W.
, Jr.
, 1986
, NIST-JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NIST Standard Reference Database 13
,
National Institute of Standards and Technology
,
Gaithersburg, MD
.Copyright © 2024 by Canadian Crown Copyright
You do not currently have access to this content.
