This paper presents atomic force spectroscopy (AFM) results from large diameter nanowires (NWs), which range in radius from 150 nm to 300 nm, within a nano-assembled platform. The nanomechanical platform is constructed by assembling single NWs across pairs of gold nano-electrodes using dielectrophoresis and contains a short, suspended segment of the NW (in air) between the assembly electrodes. Atomic force microscope (AFM) force spectroscopy measurements are obtained by indenting the NW within this suspended segment and result in deformation of the NW involving a combination of both, bending and nano-indentation modes. This paper demonstrates the measurement technique using lithium iron phosphate NWs as a model system and presents a finite element model to extract the Young's modulus from nanomechanical data. The estimated Young's modulus of this material, which is an electrode material system of interest for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, was found to be diameter dependent and was observed to range in values between 100 MPa and 575 MPa.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Burg
, B. R.
, Helbling
, T.
, Hierold
, C.
, and Poulikakos
, D.
, 2011
, “Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors With Parallel Integration of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 109
, p. 064310
.10.1063/1.35556192.
Jensen
, K.
, Weldon
, J.
, Garcia
, H.
, and Zettl
, A.
, 2007
, “Nanotube Radio
,” Nano Lett.
, 7
, pp. 3508
–3511
.10.1021/nl07211133.
Nakajima
, M.
, Arai
, F.
, Dong
, L. X.
, and Fukuda
, T.
, 2004
, “Calibration of Carbon Nanotube Probes for Pico-Newton Order Force Measurement Inside a Scanning Electron Microscope
,” J. Robot. Mechatronics
, 16
, pp. 155
–162
.4.
Huang
, J. Y.
, Zhong
, L.
, Wang
, C. M.
, Sullivan
, J. P.
, Xu
, W.
, Zhang
, L. Q.
, Mao
, S. X.
, Hudak
, N. S.
, Liu
, X. H.
, Subramanian
, A.
, Fan
, H. Y.
, Qi
, L.
, Kushima
, A.
, and Li
, J.
, 2010
, “In-situ Observation of the Electrochemical Lithiation of a Single SnO2 Nanowire Electrode
,” Science
, 330
, pp. 1515
–1520
.10.1126/science.11956285.
Goldberg
, D.
, Costa
, P. M. F. J.
, Lourie
, O.
, Mitome
, M.
, Bai
, X. D.
, Kurashima
, K.
, Zhi
, C. Y.
, Tang
, C. C.
, and Bando
, Y.
, 2007
, “Direct Force Measurements and Kinking Under Elastic Deformation of Individual Multiwalled Boron Nitride Nanotubes
,” Nano Lett.
, 7
, pp. 2146
–2151
.10.1021/nl070863r6.
Yu
, M. F.
, Lourie
, O.
, Dyer
, M. J.
, Moloni
, K.
, Kelly
, T. F.
, and Ruoff
, R. S.
, 2000
, “Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load
,” Science
, 287
(5453), pp. 637
–640
.10.1126/science.287.5453.6377.
Dong
, L. X.
, Arai
, F.
, and Fukuda
, T.
, 2004
, “Destructive Constructions of Nanostructures With Carbon Nanotubes Through Nanorobotic Manipulation
,” IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics
, 9
(2
), pp. 350
–357
.10.1109/TMECH.2004.8286538.
Kim
, Y.-J.
, Son
, K.
, Choi
, I.-C.
, Choi
, I.-S.
, Park
, W. I.
, and Jang
, J.-I.
, 2011
, “Exploring Nanomechanical Behavior of Silicon Nanowires: AFM Bending Versus Nanoindentation
,” Adv. Funct. Mater.
, 21
, pp. 279
–286
.10.1002/adfm.2010014719.
Zhang
, H.
, Tang
, J.
, Zhang
, L.
, An
, B.
, and Qin
, L.-C.
, 2008
, “Atomic Force Microscopy Measurement of the Young's Modulus and Hardness of Single LaB6 Nanowires
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
, 92
, p. 173121
.10.1063/1.291971810.
Tombler
, W. T.
, Zhou
, C. W.
, Alexseyev
, L.
, Kong
, J.
, Dai
, H. J.
, Lei
, L.
, Jayanthi
, C. S.
, Tang
, M. J.
, and Wu
, S. Y.
, 2000
, “Reversible Electromechanical Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes Under Local-Probe Manipulation
,” Nature
, 405
, pp. 769
–772
.10.1038/3501551911.
Zheng
, M.
, Ke
, C.
, Bae
, I.-T.
, Park
, C.
, Smith
, M. W.
, and Jordan
, K.
, 2012
, “Radial Elasticity of Multi-Walled Boron Nitride Nanotubes
,” Nanotechnology
, 23
, p. 095703
.10.1088/0957-4484/23/9/09570312.
Sohn
, Y.-S.
, Park
, J.
, Yoon
, G.
, Song
, J.
, Jee
, S.-W.
, Lee
, J.-H.
, Na
, S.
, Kwon
, T.
, and Eom
, K.
, 2010
, “Mechanical Properties of Silicon Nanowires
,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.
, 5
, pp. 2011
–2016
.10.1007/s11671-009-9467-713.
Li
, X.
, Gao
, H.
, Murphy
, C. J.
, and Caswell
, K. K.
, 2003
, “Nanoindentation of Silver Nanowires
,” Nano Lett.
, 3
(11
), pp. 1485
–1498
.10.1021/nl034436z14.
Feng
, G.
, Nix
, W. D.
, Yoon
, Y.
, and Lee
, C. J.
, 2006
, “A Study of the Mechanical Properties of Nanowires Using Nanoindentation
,” J. Appl. Phys.
, 99
, p. 074304
.10.1063/1.218902015.
Kumar
, P.
, and Kiran
, M. S. R. N.
, 2010
, “Nanomechanical Characterization of Indium Nano/Microwires
,” Nanoscale Res. Lett.
, 5
, pp. 1085
–1092
.10.1007/s11671-010-9606-116.
Wang
, Z.
, Mook
, W. M.
, Niederberger
, C.
, Ghisleni
, R.
, Philippe
, L.
, and Michler
, J.
, 2012
, “Compression of Nanowires Using a Flat Indenter: Diametrical Elasticity Measurement
,” Nano Lett.
, 12
, pp. 2289
–2293
.10.1021/nl300103z17.
Zhu
, C. B.
, Yu
, Y.
, Gu
, L.
, Weichert
, K.
, and Maier
, J.
, 2011
, “Electrospinning of Highly Electroactive Carbon-Coated Single-Crystalline LiFePO4 Nanowires
,” Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.
, 50
(28
), pp. 6278
–6282
.10.1002/anie.20100542818.
Yuan
, L.
, Wang
, Z.
, Zhang
, W.
, Hu
, X.
, Chen
, J.
, Huang
, Y.
, and Goodenough
, J. B.
, 2011
, “Development and Challenges of LiFePO4 Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Energy Environ. Sci.
, 4
, pp. 269
–284
.10.1039/c0ee00029a19.
Lee
, H.
, Shin
, W.
, Choi
, J. W.
, and Park
, J. Y.
, 2012
, “Nanomechanical Properties of Lithiated Si Nanowires Probed by Atomic Force Microscopy
,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.
, 45
, p. 275301
.10.1088/0022-3727/45/27/27530120.
Lee
, S.
, Park
, J.
, Sastry
, A. M.
, and Lu
, W.
, 2013
, “Molecular Dynamics Simulations of SOC-Dependent Elasticity of LixMn2O4 Spinels in Li-Ion Batteries
,” J. Electrochem. Soc.
, 160
(6
), pp. A968
–A972
.10.1149/2.147306jes21.
Maxisch
, T.
, and Cedar
, G.
, 2006
, “Elastic Properties of Olivine LiFexPO4 From First Principles
,” Phys. Rev. B
, 73
, p. 174112
.10.1103/PhysRevB.73.17411222.
Xu
, D.
, Subramanian
, A.
, Dong
, L. X.
, and Nelson
, B. J.
, 2009
, “Shaping Nanoelectrodes for Ultrahigh Precision Dielectrophoretic Assembly of Carbon Nanotubes
,” IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol.
, 8
, pp. 449
–456
.10.1109/TNANO.2009.201529523.
Subramanian
, A.
, Alt
, A. R.
, Dong
, L. X.
, Kratochvil
, B. E.
, Bolognesi
, C. R.
, and Nelson
, B. J.
, 2009
, “Electrostatic Actuation and Electromechanical Switching Behavior of One-Dimensional Nanostructures
,” ACS Nano
, 3
, pp. 2953
–2962
.10.1021/nn900436x24.
Sader
, J. E.
, Chon
, J. W. M.
, and Mulvaney
, P.
, 1999
, “Calibration of Rectangular Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
, 70
, pp. 3967
–3969
.10.1063/1.115002125.
Askari
, D.
, and Feng
, G.
, 2012
, “Finite Element Analysis of Nanowire Indentation on a Flat Substrate
,” J. Mater. Res.
, 27
(3
), pp. 586
–591
.10.1557/jmr.2011.42026.
Agrawal
, R.
, Peng
, B.
, Gdoutos
, E. E.
, and Espinosa
, H. D.
, 2008
, “Elasticity Size Effects in ZnO Nanowires—A Combined Experimental-Computational Approach
,” Nano Lett.
, 8
(11
), pp. 3668
–3674
.10.1021/nl801724b27.
Malik
, R.
, Burch
, D.
, Bazant
, M.
, and Ceder
, G.
, 2010
, “Particle Size Dependence of the Ionic Diffusivity
,” Nano Lett.
, 10
, pp. 4123
–4127
.10.1021/nl102359528.
Bai
, P.
, Cogswell
, A.
, and Bazant
, M.
, 2011
, “Suppression of Phase Separation in LiFePO4 Nanoparticles During Battery Discharge
,” Nano Lett.
, 11
, pp. 4890
–4896
.10.1021/nl202764f29.
Zhu
, Y.
, Wang
, J. W.
, Liu
, Y.
, Liu
, X. H.
, Kushima
, A.
, Liu
, Y.
, Xu
, Y.
, Mao
, S. X.
, Li
, J.
, Wang
, C.
, and Huang
, J. Y.
, 2013
, “In Situ Atomic-Scale Imaging of Phase Boundary Migration in FePO4 Microparticles During Electrochemical Lithiation
,” Adv. Mater.
, 25
, pp. 5461
–5466
.10.1002/adma.201301374Copyright © 2014 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
