An increase in extracellular potassium levels is a physiological sign of myocardial ischemia and timely sensing with an implantable potassium sensing biosensor could play a significant role in detecting and expediting care. In this paper, unique fabrication techniques for both planar and nanowire structured gold microelectrodes are described along with data showing the enhanced charge transfer capabilities of the nanowire design. Optimization is required for the electrodeposition of polypyrrole onto gold nanowires and processing details along with characterization data are provided for both the polypyrrole layer and ion selective membrane. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results show that the polypyrrole coated gold nanowire electrodes provide stable charge transfer, showing the potential as a potassium sensing device for the early detection of myocardial ischemia applications.
Issue Section:
Research Paper
Keywords:
biomedical electrodes,
biomembranes,
blood vessels,
cardiovascular system,
cellular biophysics,
charge exchange,
diseases,
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,
electrodeposition,
gold,
microelectrodes,
microfabrication,
nanowires,
potassium,
voltammetry (chemical analysis),
myocardial ischemia,
potassium sensing,
microelectrodes,
nanowire electrodes,
polypyrrole,
valinomycin
1.
2003,
Heart and Stroke Facts
, American Heart Association
.2.
Sperelakis
, N.
, 1995, “Defining Ischemia
,” BMJ
0959-8138, 311
, pp. 890
–891
.3.
American Heart Association
, 2009, www.americanheart.orgwww.americanheart.org4.
Stern
, S.
, 2002, “Angina Pectoris Without Chest Pain: Clinical Implications of Silent Ischemia
,” Circulation
0009-7322, 106
, pp. 1906
–1908
.5.
Fox
, S. I.
, 2002, Human Physiology
, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill
, New York
.6.
Guyton
A. C.
, and Hall
J. E.
, 1980, Textbook of Medical Physiology
, 6th ed., Saunders
, Philadelphia
.7.
Keener
, J.
, and Sneyd
, J.
, 2009, Mathematical Physiology, Series: Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics
, 2nd ed., Vol. 8
, Springer
, NY
.8.
Vogt
, S.
, Troitzsch
, D.
, Spath
, S.
, and Moosdorf
, R.
, 2004, “Efficacy of Ion-Selective Probes in Early Epicardial In Vivo Detection of Myocardial Ischemia
,” Physiological Measurement
, 25
, pp. N21
–N26
.9.
Fischell
, T.
, Fischell
, D.
, Fischell
, R.
, Virmani
, R.
, DeVries
, J.
, and Krucoff
, M.
, 2006, “Real-Time Detection and Alerting for Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Ischemia Using an Implantable, High Fidelity, Intracardiac Electrogram Monitoring System With Long-Range Telemetry in an Ambulatory Porcine Model
,” J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.
0735-1097, 48
, pp. 2306
–2314
.10.
Cosofret
, V. V.
, Erdosy
, M.
, Johnson
, T. A.
, Buck
, R. P.
, Ash
, R. B.
, and Neuman
, M. R.
, 1995, “Microfabricated Sensor Arrays Sensitive to pH and K+ for Ionic Distribution Measurements in the Beating Heart
,” Anal. Chem.
0003-2700, 67
, pp. 1647
–1653
.11.
Marzouk
, S. A. M.
, Buck
, R. P.
, Dunlap
, L. A.
, Johnson
, T. A.
, and Cascio
, W. E.
, 2002, “Measurement of Extracellular pH, K+, and Lactate in Ischemic Heart
,” Anal. Biochem.
0003-2697, 308
, pp. 52
–60
.12.
Bobacka
, J.
, 1999, “Potential Stability of All-Solid-State Ion-Selective Electrodes Using Conducting Polymers as Ion-to-Electron Transducers
,” Anal. Chem.
0003-2700, 71
, pp. 4932
–4936
.13.
Merrill
, D. R.
, Bikson
, M.
, and Jefferys
, J. G. R.
, 2005, “Electrical Stimulation of Excitable Tissue: Design of Efficacious and Safe Protocols
,” J. Neurosci. Methods
0165-0270, 141
, pp. 171
–198
.14.
Yoon
, H.
, Deshpande
, D.
, Ramachandran
, V.
, and Varadan
, V. K.
, 2008, “Aligned Nanowire Growth Using Lithography-Assisted Bonding of a Polycarbonate Template for Neural Probe Electrodes
,” Nanotechnology
0957-4484, 19
, p. 025304
.15.
Sundfors
, F.
, and Bobacka
, J.
, 2004, “EIS Study of the Redox Reaction of Fe(CN) at Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Electrodes: Influence of DC Potential and cOx:cRed Ratio
,” J. Electroanal. Chem.
0022-0728, 572
, pp. 309
–316
.16.
Gyurcsanyi
, R. E.
, Nyback
, A.
, Toth
, K.
, Nagy
, G.
, and Ivaska
, A.
, 1998, “Novel Polypyrrole Based All-Solid-State Potassium-Selective Microelectrodes
,” Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.)
0003-2654, 123
, pp. 1339
–1344
.17.
Quan
, D. P.
, Duan
, L. T.
, Quang
, C. X.
, and Viet
, P. H.
, 2001, “A Conducting Polymer Based Solid-Contact Potassium Selective Electrode
,” Anal. Sci.
0910-6340, 17
, pp. i749
–i752
.18.
Michalska
, A.
, Walkiewicz
, S.
, Maksymiuk
, K.
, and Hall
, E. A. H.
, 2002, “Potentiometric Responses of Poly(Pyrrole) Films Surface Modified by Nafion
,” Electroanalysis
1040-0397, 14
, pp. 1236
–1244
.19.
Momma
, T.
, Komaba
, S.
, Osaka
, T.
, Nakamura
, S.
, and Takemura
, Y.
, 1995, “Cation Sensitivity of a Polypyrrole/Polyanion Composite Film Electrode
,” Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
0009-2673, 68
, pp. 1297
–1304
.20.
Tamm
, J.
, Alumaa
, A.
, Hallik
, A.
, Johanson
, U.
, Tamm
, L.
, and Tamm
, T.
, 2002, “Influence of Anions on Electrochemical Properties of Polypyrrole-Modified Electrodes
,” Russ. J. Electrochem.
1023-1935, 38
, pp. 182
–187
.21.
Araki
, T.
, and Tsukube
, H.
, 1990, Liquid Membranes: Chemical Applications
, CRC
, Boca Raton, FL
.22.
Ueno
, M.
, Yasui
, T.
, and Horikoshi
, I.
, 1983, “Kinetics of Valinomycin- and Tetranactin-Mediated Cation Transport Through Liposomal Membrane
,” Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
0009-2673, 56
, pp. 1652
–1656
.23.
Behr
, J.
, Kirch
, M.
, and Lehn
, J.
, 1985, “Carrier-Mediated Transport Through Bulk Liquid Membranes: Dependence of Transport Rates and Selectivity on Carrier Properties in a Diffusion-Limited Process
,” J. Am. Chem. Soc.
0002-7863, 107
, pp. 241
–246
.24.
Bakker
, E.
, Buhlmann
, P.
, and Pretsch
, E.
, 1997, “Carrier-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes and Bulk Optodes. 1. General Characteristics
,” Chem. Rev.
, 97
, pp. 3083
–3132
.25.
Faridbod
, F.
, Ganjali
, M. R.
, Dinarvand
, R.
, and Norouzi
, P.
, 2007, “The Fabrication of Potentiometric Membrane Sensors and Their Applications
,” Afr. J. Biotechnol.
, 6
, pp. 2960
–2987
.26.
Long
, R.
, and Bakker
, E.
, 2004, “Optical Determination of Ionophore Diffusion Coefficients in Plasticized Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Sensing Films
,” Anal. Chim. Acta
0003-2670, 511
, pp. 91
–95
.Copyright © 2010
by American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
