Lockheed Martin Naval Electronics and Surveillance Systems in Akron, Ohio, had shipped Sweden’s Air Force two full mission simulators as well as five multi-mission simulators by the end of 1999. A change of the simulator’s database for precision rather than speed and for tissue manipulation instead of aircraft tactics resulted in the development of Lockheed Martin’s endoscopic sinus surgery simulator. The virtual terrain thus became smaller—the human sinus instead of Northern Europe. Using an endoscopic sinus surgery simulator, doctors can practice a variety of complex nasal procedures and reduce the risk to patients. Using simulation technology originally designed for military applications, the simulator features a dummy named Martin and can simulate a broad range of situations, including the effects of medication on a patient. The simulator is designed to train nasal surgeons and ear, nose, and throat residents to evaluate new techniques, handle instruments more efficiently, and familiarize themselves with anatomy.

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