Abstract

The pace of technological advancements has been rapidly increasing in recent years, with the advent of artificial intelligence, virtual/augmented reality, and other emerging technologies fundamentally changing the way human beings work. The adoption and integration of these advanced technologies necessitate teams with diverse disciplinary expertise, to help teams remain agile in an ever-evolving technological landscape. Significant disciplinary diversity amongst teams, however, can be detrimental to team communication and performance. Additionally, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adoption and use of technologies that enable design teams to collaborate across significant geographical distances have become the norm in today's work environments, further complicating communication and performance issues. Little is known about the way in which technology-mediated communication affects the collaborative processes of design. As a first step toward filling this gap, the current work explores the fundamental ways experts from distinct disciplinary backgrounds collaborate in virtual design environments. Specifically, we explore the conversational dynamics between experts from two complementary yet distinct fields: non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and design for additive manufacturing (DFAM). Using Markov modeling, the study identified distinct communicative patterns that emerged during collaborative design efforts. Our findings suggest that traditional assumptions regarding communication patterns and design dynamics may not be applicable to expert design teams working in virtual environments.

References

1.
Allwood
,
J. M.
,
Childs
,
T. H.
,
Clare
,
A. T.
,
De Silva
,
A. K.
,
Dhokia
,
V.
,
Hutchings
,
I. M.
,
Leach
,
R. K.
, et al
,
2016
, “
Manufacturing at Double the Speed
,”
J. Mater. Process. Technol.
,
229
, pp.
729
757
.
2.
Korpela
,
M.
,
Riikonen
,
N.
,
Piili
,
H.
,
Salminen
,
A.
, and
Nyrhilä
,
O.
,
2020
, “Additive Manufacturing—Past, Present, and the Future,”
Technical, Economic and Societal Effects of Manufacturing 4.0
,
M
Collan
, and
K-E
Michelsen
, eds.,
Springer International Publishing
,
Cham, Switzerland
, pp.
17
41
.
3.
Tremosa
,
L.
,
2023
,
How Can Designers Adapt to New Technologies? The Future of Technology in Design
,
The Interaction Design Foundation
,
Online community
.
4.
Machine Design
,
2018
, “
New Technologies Pushing Engineers to Become Better, Stronger, Faster
,” https://www.machinedesign.com/learning-resources/article/21837361/new-technologies-pushing-engineers-to-become-better-stronger-faster
5.
Erbil Altintas
,
L.
,
Kasali
,
A.
, and
Dogan
,
F.
,
2022
, “
Multi-Disciplinarity and Collaboration in Computational Design Teams
,”
Presented at the eCAADe 2022: Co-Creating the Future—Inclusion in and Through Design
,
Ghent, Belgium
,
Sept. 13–16
, pp.
577
586
.
6.
McComb
,
C.
, and
Jablokow
,
K.
,
2022
, “
A Conceptual Framework for Multidisciplinary Design Research With Example Application to Agent-Based Modeling
,”
Des. Stud.
,
78
, p.
101074
.
7.
Hong
,
L.
, and
Page
,
S. E.
,
2004
, “
Groups of Diverse Problem Solvers Can Outperform Groups of High-Ability Problem Solvers
,”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.
,
101
(
46
), pp.
16385
16389
.
8.
Dorst
,
K.
,
2004
, “
On the Problem of Design Problems—Problem Solving and Design Expertise
,”
J. Des. Res.
,
4
(
2
), pp.
185
196
.
9.
Cutkosky
,
M. R.
,
Tenenbaum
,
J. M.
, and
Brown
,
D. R.
,
1992
, “
Working With Multiple Representations in a Concurrent Design System
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
114
(
3
), pp.
515
524
.
10.
Fleischmann
,
K.
, and
Hutchison
,
C.
,
2012
, “
Creative Exchange: An Evolving Model of Multidisciplinary Collaboration
,”
J. Learn. Des.
,
5
(
1
), pp.
23
31
.
11.
Sosa
,
M. E.
, and
Marle
,
F.
,
2013
, “
Assembling Creative Teams in New Product Development Using Creative Team Familiarity
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
135
(
8
), p.
081009
.
12.
Maarten Schraagen
,
J.
,
1993
, “
How Experts Solve a Novel Problem in Experimental Design
,”
Cogn. Sci.
,
17
(
2
), pp.
285
309
.
13.
Bruce
,
M.
,
Leverick
,
F.
, and
Littler
,
D.
,
1995
, “
Complexities of Collaborative Product Development
,”
Technovation
,
15
(
9
), pp.
535
552
.
14.
Leverick
,
F.
, and
Littler
,
D.
,
1993
,
Risks and Rewards of Collaboration: A Survey of Product Development Collaboration in UK Companies
,
Manchester School of Management
,
Manchester, UK
.
15.
Brubaker
,
E. R.
,
Sheppard
,
S. D.
,
Hinds
,
P. J.
, and
Yang
,
M. C.
,
2023
, “
Objects of Collaboration: Roles and Sequences of Objects in Spanning Knowledge Group Boundaries in Design
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
145
(
3
), p.
031404
.
16.
Takai
,
S.
,
2010
, “
A Game-Theoretic Model of Collaboration in Engineering Design
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
132
(
5
), p.
051005
.
17.
Bassett-Jones
,
N.
,
2005
, “
The Paradox of Diversity Management, Creativity and Innovation
,”
Creat. Innov. Manag.
,
14
(
2
), pp.
169
175
.
18.
O’Rourke
,
M.
,
Crowley
,
S.
,
Laursen
,
B.
,
Robinson
,
B.
, and
Vasko
,
S.
,
2019
, “Disciplinary Diversity in Teams: Integrative Approaches from Unidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity,”
Strategies for Team Science Success
,
Springer, Cham
,
Germany
, pp.
21
46
.
19.
Schikowitz
,
A.
,
2020
, “
Creating Relevant Knowledge in Transdisciplinary Research Projects—Coping With Inherent Tensions
,”
J. Resp. Innov.
,
7
(
2
), pp.
217
237
.
20.
Stokols
,
D.
,
Misra
,
S.
,
Moser
,
R. P.
,
Hall
,
K. L.
, and
Taylor
,
B. K.
,
2008
, “
The Ecology of Team Science: Understanding Contextual Influences on Transdisciplinary Collaboration
,”
Am. J. Prev. Med.
,
35
(
2
), pp.
S96
S115
.
21.
Bates
,
G.
,
Le Gouais
,
A.
,
Barnfield
,
A.
,
Callway
,
R.
,
Hasan
,
M. N.
,
Koksal
,
C.
,
Kwon
,
H. R.
, et al.
,
2023
, “
Balancing Autonomy and Collaboration in Large-Scale and Disciplinary Diverse Teams for Successful Qualitative Research
,”
Int. J. Qual. Meth.
,
22
, p.
16094069221144594
.
22.
Cross
,
N.
,
2004
, “
Expertise in Design: An Overview
,”
Des. Stud.
,
25
(
5
), pp.
427
441
.
23.
Ho
,
C.-H.
,
2001
, “
Some Phenomena of Problem Decomposition Strategy for Design Thinking: Differences Between Novices and Experts
,”
Des. Stud.
,
22
(
1
), pp.
27
45
.
24.
Cross
,
N.
,
2003
, “The Expertise of Exceptional Designers,”
Expertise in Design
,
E.
Cross
, ed.,
Creativity and Cognition Press, University of Technology Sydney
,
Australia
, pp.
23
35
.
25.
Seepersad
,
C. C.
,
2014
, “
Challenges and Opportunities in Design for Additive Manufacturing
,”
3D Print. Addit. Manuf.
,
1
(
1
), pp.
10
13
.
26.
Guo
,
N.
, and
Leu
,
M. C.
,
2013
, “
Additive Manufacturing: Technology, Applications and Research Needs
,”
Front. Mech. Eng.
,
8
(
3
), pp.
215
243
.
27.
Li
,
Q.
,
Hong
,
Q.
,
Qi
,
Q.
,
Ma
,
X.
,
Han
,
X.
, and
Tian
,
J.
,
2018
, “
Towards Additive Manufacturing Oriented Geometric Modeling Using Implicit Functions
,”
Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art
,
1
(
1
), p.
9
.
28.
Saltzman
,
D. J.
,
Bichnevicius
,
M.
,
Lynch
,
S. P.
,
Simpson
,
T.
,
Reutzel
,
T.
,
Dickman
,
C.
, and
Martukanitz
,
R.
,
2017
, “
Experimental Comparison of a Traditionally Built Versus Additively Manufactured Aircraft Heat Exchanger
,”
55th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting
,
Grapevine, TX
,
Jan. 9–13
.
29.
Jurrens
,
K.
,
2013
,
Measurement Science Roadmap for Metal-Based Additive Manufacturing
,
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
,
Energetics Incorporated, Columbia, MD
.
30.
Carl
,
V.
,
2015
, “
Monitoring System for the Quality Assessment in Additive Manufacturing
,”
Presented at the 41st Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Volume 34
,
Boise, ID
,
March
, pp.
171
176
.
31.
Witherell
,
P.
,
Herron
,
J.
, and
Ameta
,
G.
,
2016
, “
Towards Annotations and Product Definitions for Additive Manufacturing
,”
Proc. CIRP
,
43
, pp.
339
344
.
32.
Kerbrat
,
O.
,
Mognol
,
P.
, and
Hascoet
,
J.
,
2010
, “
Manufacturability Analysis to Combine Additive and Subtractive Processes
,”
Rapid Prototyp. J.
,
16
(
1
), pp.
63
72
.
33.
AMFG
,
2019
, “
How Mature Are Metal 3D Printing Technologies?
” AMFG. https://amfg.ai/2019/09/03/how-mature-are-metal-3d-printing-technologies
34.
Hague
,
R.
,
Reeves
,
P.
, and
Jones
,
S.
,
2016
,
Mapping UK Research and Innovation in Additive Manufacturing
,
Innovate
,
UK
.
35.
Lezama-Nicolás
,
R.
,
Rodríguez-Salvador
,
M.
,
Río-Belver
,
R.
, and
Bildosola
,
I.
,
2018
, “
A Bibliometric Method for Assessing Technological Maturity: The Case of Additive Manufacturing
,”
Scientometrics
,
117
(
3
), pp.
1425
1452
.
36.
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
,” www.astm.org/e3166-20e01.html
37.
Waller
,
J. M.
,
Parker
,
B. H.
,
Hodges
,
K. L.
,
Burke
,
E. R.
, and
Walker
,
J. L.
,
2014
, “
Nondestructive Evaluation of Additive Manufacturing State-of-the-Discipline Report
,” Report No. JSC-CN-32323.
38.
Lopez
,
A.
,
Bacelar
,
R.
,
Pires
,
I.
,
Santos
,
T. G.
,
Sousa
,
J. P.
, and
Quintino
,
L.
,
2018
, “
Non-Destructive Testing Application of Radiography and Ultrasound for Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing
,”
Addit. Manuf.
,
21
, pp.
298
306
.
39.
Mahan
,
T.
,
Katch
,
L.
,
Arguelles
,
A. P.
, and
Menold
,
J.
,
2022
, “
Design for Inspectability: A Framework to Increase Inspectability of Additive Manufacturing Parts for Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Inspection Methods
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
144
(
7
), p.
072001
.
40.
Kobayashi
,
R.
,
2021
, “
Technological Advances in Remote Collaborations
,”
Top. Curr. Chem.
,
379
(
6
), p.
41
.
41.
Bernardo
,
T.
,
Sobkowich
,
K. E.
,
Forrest
,
R. O.
,
Stewart
,
L. S.
,
D'Agostino
,
M.
,
Gutierrez
,
E. P.
and
Gillis
,
D.
,
2021
, “
Collaborating in the Time of COVID-19: The Scope and Scale of Innovative Responses to a Global Pandemic
,”
JMIR Public Health Surveill.
,
7
(
2
), p.
e25935
.
42.
Maznevski
,
M. L.
, and
Chudoba
,
K. M.
,
2000
, “
Bridging Space Over Time: Global Virtual Team Dynamics and Effectiveness
,”
Organ. Sci.
,
11
(
5
), pp.
473
492
.
43.
Cheng
,
K.
, and
Olechowski
,
A.
,
2021
, “
Some (Team) Assembly Required: An Analysis of Collaborative Computer-Aided Design Assembly
,”
Presented at the ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
,
online
,
Aug. 17–19
.
44.
Kozlowski
,
S. W. J.
, and
Bell
,
B. S.
,
2003
, “Work Groups and Teams in Organizations,”
Handbook of Psychology
,
N. W.
Schmitt
,
S.
Highhouse
, and
I. B.
Weiner
, eds.,
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
,
Hobokjen, NJ
, pp.
333
375
.
45.
Guzzo
,
R. A.
, and
Dickson
,
M. W.
,
1996
, “
Teams in Organizations: Recent Research on Performance and Effectiveness
,”
Annu. Rev. Psychol.
,
47
(
1
), pp.
307
338
.
46.
Wittenbaum
,
G. M.
,
Hollingshead
,
A. B.
, and
Botero
,
I. C.
,
2004
, “
From Cooperative to Motivated Information Sharing in Groups: Moving Beyond the Hidden Profile Paradigm
,”
Commun. Monogr.
,
71
(
3
), pp.
286
310
.
47.
Salas
,
E.
,
Sims
,
D. E.
, and
Shawn Burke
,
C.
,
2005
, “
Is There a ‘Big Five’ in Teamwork?
,”
Small Group Res.
,
36
(
5
), pp.
555
599
.
48.
Nemeth
,
C.
, and
Staw
,
B.
,
1989
, “
The Tradeoffs of Social Control and Innovation in Groups and Organizations
,”
Adv. Exp. Soc. Psychol.
,
22
, pp.
175
210
.
49.
Paulus
,
P.
, and
Dzindolet
,
M.
,
1993
, “
Social Influence Processes in Group Brainstorming
,”
J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.
,
64
(
4
), pp.
575
586
.
50.
Hashemi Farzaneh
,
H.
,
2020
, “
Bio-Inspired Design: The Impact of Collaboration Between Engineers and Biologists on Analogical Transfer and Ideation
,”
Res. Eng. Des.
,
31
(
3
), pp.
299
322
.
51.
Sieffert
,
Y.
,
Huygen
,
J. M.
, and
Daudon
,
D.
,
2014
, “
Sustainable Construction With Repurposed Materials in the Context of a Civil Engineering–Architecture Collaboration
,”
J. Clean. Prod.
,
67
, pp.
125
138
.
52.
Kuusinen
,
K.
,
2015
, “Task Allocation Between UX Specialists and Developers in Agile Software Development Projects,”
Human-Computer Interaction—INTERACT 2015
,
J
Abascal
,
S
Barbosa
,
M
Fetter
,
T
Gross
,
P
Palanque
, and
M
Winckler
, eds.,
Springer International Publishing
,
Cham, Switzerland
, pp.
27
44
. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
53.
Collopy
,
A. X.
,
Adar
,
E.
, and
Papalambros
,
P. Y.
,
2020
, “
On the Use of Coordination Strategies in Complex Engineered System Design Projects
,”
Des. Sci.
,
6
, p.
e32
.
54.
Staples
,
D. S.
, and
Webster
,
J.
,
2008
, “
Exploring the Effects of Trust, Task Interdependence and Virtualness on Knowledge Sharing in Teams
,”
Inf. Syst. J.
,
18
(
6
), pp.
617
640
.
55.
Rhoads
,
M.
,
2010
, “
Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication: What Does Theory Tell Us and What Have We Learned So Far?
,”
J. Plan. Lit.
,
25
(
2
), pp.
111
122
.
56.
Hart
,
C.
,
Fillmore
,
D.
, and
Griffith
,
J.
,
2010
, “
Deceptive Communication in the Workplace: An Examination of Beliefs About Verbal and Paraverbal Cues
,”
Individ. Differ. Res.
,
8
(
3
), pp.
176
183
.
57.
Sporer
,
S. L.
, and
Schwandt
,
B.
,
2006
, “
Paraverbal Indicators of Deception: A Meta-Analytic Synthesis
,”
Appl. Cogn. Psychol.
,
20
(
4
), pp.
421
446
.
58.
Zhou
,
J.
,
Phadnis
,
V.
, and
Olechowski
,
A.
,
2020
, “
Analysis of Designer Emotions in Collaborative and Traditional Computer-Aided Design
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
143
(
2
), p.
021401
.
59.
Phadnis
,
V.
,
Arshad
,
H.
,
Wallace
,
D.
, and
Olechowski
,
A.
,
2021
, “
Are Two Heads Better Than One for Computer-Aided Design?
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
143
(
7
), p.
071401
.
60.
Damen
,
N. B.
, and
Toh
,
C.
,
2021
, “
Investigating Information: A Qualitative Analysis of Expert Designers’ Information Representation and Structuring Behaviors
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
143
(
8
), p.
081403
.
61.
Ericsson
,
K. A.
, and
Lehmann
,
A. C.
,
1996
, “
Expert and Exceptional Performance: Evidence of Maximal Adaptation to Task Constraints
,”
Annu. Rev. Psychol.
,
47
(
1
), pp.
273
305
.
62.
Ahmed
,
S.
,
Wallace
,
K. M.
, and
Blessing
,
L. T.
,
2003
, “
Understanding the Differences Between How Novice and Experienced Designers Approach Design Tasks
,”
Res. Eng. Des.
,
14
(
1
), pp.
1
11
.
63.
Gosnell
,
C. A.
, and
Miller
,
S. R.
,
2015
, “
But Is It Creative? Delineating the Impact of Expertise and Concept Ratings on Creative Concept Selection
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
138
(
2
), p.
021101
.
64.
Hatchuel
,
A.
, and
Weil
,
B.
,
2003
, “
A New Approach of Innovative Design: An Introduction to CK Theory
,”
DS 31: Proceedings of ICED 03, the 14th International Conference on Engineering Design
,
Stockholm, Sweden
.
65.
Hatchuel
,
P.
,
Le Masson
,
P.
, and
Weil
,
B.
,
2004
, “CK Theory in Practice: Lessons From Industrial Applications”.
66.
Sankaran
,
R. R.
,
Ameling
,
J. M.
,
Cohn
,
A. E. M.
,
Grum
,
C. M.
, and
Meddings
,
J.
,
2021
, “
A Practical Guide for Building Collaborations Between Clinical Researchers and Engineers: Lessons Learned From a Multidisciplinary Patient Safety Project
,”
J. Pat. Saf.
,
17
(
8
), pp.
e1420
e1427
.
67.
Koester
,
L.
,
Taheri
,
H.
,
Bond
,
L. J.
,
Barnard
,
D.
, and
Gray
,
J.
,
2016
, “
Additive Manufacturing Metrology: State of the Art and Needs Assessment
,”
Presented at the 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation: Incorporating the 6th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE
,
Minneapolis, MN
,
February
, p.
130001
.
68.
Duarte
,
V. R.
,
Rodrigues
,
T. A.
,
Machado
,
M. A.
,
Pragana
,
J. P.
,
Pombinha
,
P.
,
Coutinho
,
L.
,
Silva
,
C. M.
, et al
,
2021
, “
Benchmarking of Nondestructive Testing for Additive Manufacturing
,”
3D Print. Addit. Manuf.
,
8
(
4
), pp.
263
270
.
69.
Lu
,
Q. Y.
, and
Wong
,
C. H.
,
2018
, “
Additive Manufacturing Process Monitoring and Control by Non-Destructive Testing Techniques: Challenges and In-Process Monitoring
,”
Virtual Phys. Prototyp.
,
13
(
2
), pp.
39
48
.
70.
Obaton
,
A.-F.
,
Butsch
,
B.
,
Carcreff
,
E.
,
Laroche
,
N.
,
Tarr
,
J. B.
, and
Donmez
,
A.
,
2019
,
Efficient Volumetric Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Additively Manufactured Parts
,
NIST
,
International Institute of Welding
.
71.
Alzayed
,
M. A.
,
Miller
,
S. R.
, and
McComb
,
C.
,
2022
, “Does Empathy Beget Creativity? Investigating the Role of Trait Empathy in Idea Generation and Selection,”
Design Computing and Cognition’20
,
JS
Gero
, ed.,
Springer International Publishing
,
Cham, Switzerland
, pp.
437
454
.
72.
Alzayed
,
M. A.
,
Miller
,
S. R.
,
Menold
,
J.
,
Huff
,
J.
, and
McComb
,
C.
,
2020
, “
Can Design Teams Be Empathically Creative? A Simulation-Based Investigation on the Role of Team Empathy on Concept Generation and Selection
,”
Presented at the ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
,
Virtual, Online
,
Aug. 17–19
.
73.
Kaufman
,
J. C.
,
Baer
,
J.
,
Cropley
,
D. H.
,
Reiter-Palmon
,
R.
, and
Sinnett
,
S.
,
2013
, “
Furious Activity vs. Understanding: How Much Expertise is Needed to Evaluate Creative Work?
Psychol. Aesthet. Creat. Arts
,
7
(
4
), pp.
332
340
.
74.
Creswell
,
J. W.
, and
Clark
,
V. L. P.
,
2017
,
Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research
,
SAGE Publications
,
Thousand Oaks, CA
.
75.
Patton
,
M. Q.
,
2014
,
Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice
,
SAGE Publications
,
Thousand Oaks, CA
.
76.
Goodman
,
L. A.
,
1961
, “
Snowball Sampling
,”
Ann. Math. Statist.
,
32
(
1
), pp.
148
170
.
77.
Palinkas
,
L. A.
,
Horwitz
,
S. M.
,
Green
,
C. A.
,
Wisdom
,
J. P.
,
Duan
,
N.
, and
Hoagwood
,
K.
,
2015
, “
Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research
,”
Adm. Pol. Ment. Health
,
42
(
5
), pp.
533
544
.
78.
Rosen
,
D. W.
,
2014
, “
Research Supporting Principles for Design for Additive Manufacturing: This Paper Provides a Comprehensive Review on Current Design Principles and Strategies for AM
,”
Virtual Phys. Prototyp.
,
9
(
4
), pp.
225
232
.
79.
Felix-Deng
,
L.
, and
Ready Lab.
,
2022
, “
ReadyLab-UToronto/Onshape-Research-Guide: Onshape Research Guide
,” Zenodo.
81.
Cowin
,
K. M.
,
Cohen
,
L. M.
,
Ciechanowski
,
K. M.
, and
Orozco
,
R. A.
,
2012
, “
Portraits of Mentor-Junior Faculty Relationships: From Power Dynamics to Collaboration
,”
J. Educ.
,
192
(
1
), pp.
37
47
.
82.
Grauerholz
,
E.
,
1989
, “
Sexual Harassment of Women Professors by Students: Exploring the Dynamics of Power, Authority, and Gender in a University Setting
,”
Sex Roles
,
21
, pp.
789
801
.
83.
Aguinis
,
H.
,
Nesler
,
M. S.
,
Quigley
,
B. M.
,
Lee
,
S.-J.
, and
Tedeschi
,
J. T.
,
1996
, “
Power Bases of Faculty Supervisors and Educational Outcomes for Graduate Students
,”
J. Higher Educ.
,
67
(
3
), pp.
267
297
.
84.
Archibald
,
M. M.
,
Ambagtsheer
,
R. C.
,
Casey
,
M. G.
, and
Lawless
,
M.
,
2019
, “
Using Zoom Videoconferencing for Qualitative Data Collection: Perceptions and Experiences of Researchers and Participants
,”
Int. J. Qual. Meth.
,
18
, p.
1609406919874596
.
85.
CADD Expert
,
2020
, “
SolidWorks CATIA NX AUTOCAD 3D Drawings Practice Books 100 PDF
,” CADDEXPERT. https://caddexpert.com/2020/06/17/solidworks-catia-nx-autocad-3d-drawings-practice-books-100-pdf/,
86.
GE Jet Engine Bracket Challenge, Engineering & Design Challenges, GrabCAD
.” https://grabcad.com/challenges/ge-jet-engine-bracket-challenge/entries
87.
Rahman
,
S.
,
Ren
,
X.
, and
Yadav
,
V.
,
2016
, “
High-Dimensional Stochastic Design Optimization by Adaptive-Sparse Polynomial Dimensional Decomposition
”.
88.
Hatchuel
,
A.
, and
Weil
,
B.
,
2009
, “
C-K Design Theory: An Advanced Formulation
,”
Res. Eng. Des.
,
19
(
4
), pp.
181
192
.
89.
Lai
,
C.
,
Carletta
,
J.
, and
Renals
,
S.
,
2013
, “
Modelling Participant Affect in Meetings With Turn-Taking Features
,”
Workshop on Affective Social Speech Signals
,
Grenoble, France
,
August
.
90.
Haan
,
K.-W.
,
Riedl
,
C.
, and
Woolley
,
A.
,
2021
, “
Discovering Where We Excel: How Inclusive Turn-Taking in Conversation Improves Team Performance
,”
Companion Publication of the 2021 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, in ICMI’21 Companion
,
New York, NY
,
December
.
91.
Ritter
,
S.
, and
Mostert
,
N.
,
2018
, “
How to Facilitate a Brainstorming Session: The Effect of Idea Generation Techniques and of Group Brainstorm After Individual Brainstorm
,”
Creat. Ind. J.
,
11
, pp.
1
15
.
92.
Rogelberg
,
S. G.
, and
Kreamer
,
L.
,
2019
, “
The Case for More Silence in Meetings
,” Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2019/06/the-case-for-more-silence-in-meetings
93.
Deng
,
Y.
,
Mueller
,
M.
,
Rogers
,
C.
, and
Olechowski
,
A.
,
2022
, “
The Multi-user Computer-Aided Design Collaborative Learning Framework
,”
Adv. Eng. Inform.
,
51
, p.
101446
.
94.
Miši
,
D.
,
2022
, “
CAD System Evaluation Based on User Interface Efficiency
,”
Innov. Mech. Eng.
,
1
(
2
), pp.
80
95
.
95.
Camba
,
J. D.
,
Contero
,
M.
, and
Company
,
P.
,
2016
, “
Parametric CAD Modeling: An Analysis of Strategies for Design Reusability
,”
Comput. Aided Des.
,
74
pp.
18
31
.
96.
Hennig
,
A.
,
Topcu
,
T. G.
, and
Szajnfarber
,
Z.
,
2022
, “
So You Think Your System Is Complex?: Why and How Existing Complexity Measures Rarely Agree
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
144
(
4
), p.
041401
.
97.
Charmaz
,
K.
,
2006
,
Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis.
,
SAGE Publications
,
London
.
98.
Glaser
,
B. G.
,
1965
, “
The Constant Comparative Method of Qualitative Analysis
,”
Soc. Probl.
,
12
(
4
), pp.
436
445
.
99.
Grove
,
R. W.
,
1988
, “
An Analysis of the Constant Comparative Method
,”
Int. J. Qual. Stud. Educ.
,
1
(
3
), pp.
273
279
.
100.
An Introduction to Solomon Coder: András Péter 11-12 October 2011, Milano | PDF | Computer Data | Areas of Computer Science
.”
101.
Hartling
,
L.
,
Hamm
,
M.
,
Milne
,
A.
, et al.
,
2012
,
Quality and Risk of Bias Assessment in Systematic Reviews
,
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
,
Rockville, MD
.
102.
Stroock
,
D. W.
,
2013
,
An Introduction to Markov Processes
,
Springer Science & Business Media
,
Berlin
.
103.
Ching
,
W.
,
Fung
,
E. S.
, and
Ng
,
M. K.
,
2002
, “
A Multivariate Markov Chain Model for Categorical Data Sequences and Its Applications in Demand Predictions
,”
IMA J. Manag. Math.
,
13
(
3
), pp.
187
199
.
104.
Saravanan
,
P.
,
Walker
,
M.
, and
Menold
,
J.
,
2020
, “
Developing Training Tools for Clinicians in LICs: Using Hidden Markov Modeling to Study the Decision-Making Strategies of Expert and Novice Prosthetists
,”
Presented at the ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
,
Virtual, Online
,
Aug. 17–19
.
105.
Tamir
,
A.
,
1998
,
Applications of Markov Chains in Chemical Engineering
,
Elsevier
,
New York
.
106.
McComb
,
C.
,
Cagan
,
J.
, and
Kotovsky
,
K.
,
2017
, “Utilizing Markov Chains to Understand Operation Sequencing in Design Tasks,”
Design Computing and Cognition’16
,
J
Gero
, ed.,
Springer International Publishing
,
Cham, Switzerland
, pp.
401
418
.
107.
Mehta
,
P.
,
Malviya
,
M.
,
McComb
,
C.
,
Manogharan
,
G.
, and
Berdanier
,
C. G. P.
,
2020
, “
Mining Design Heuristics for Additive Manufacturing Via Eye-Tracking Methods and Hidden Markov Modeling
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
142
(
12
), p.
124502
.
108.
Maier
,
T.
,
Soria Zurita
,
N. F.
,
Starkey
,
E.
,
Spillane
,
D.
,
Menold
,
J.
, and
McComb
,
C.
,
2020
, “
Analyzing the Characteristics of Cognitive-Assistant-Facilitated Ideation Groups
,”
Presented at the ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
,
Virtual, Online
,
Aug. 17–19
.
109.
RStudio Team
,
2023
,
RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. RStudio, Boston, MA
, http://www.rstudio.com/
110.
Krishnakumar
,
S.
,
Berdanier
,
C.
,
Lauff
,
C.
,
McComb
,
C.
, and
Menold
,
J.
,
2022
, “
The Story Novice Designers Tell: How Rhetorical Structures and Prototyping Shape Communication With External Audiences
,”
Des. Stud.
,
82
, p.
101133
.
111.
McComb
,
C.
,
Cagan
,
J.
, and
Kotovsky
,
K.
,
2017
, “
Mining Process Heuristics From Designer Action Data Via Hidden Markov Models
,”
ASME J. Mech. Des.
,
139
(
11
), p.
111412
.
112.
Hillard
,
D.
,
Ostendorf
,
M.
, and
Shriberg
,
E.
,
2003
, “
Detection of Agreement vs. Disagreement in Meetings: Training With Unlabeled Data
,”
Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology: Companion Volume of the Proceedings of HLT-NAACL 2003–Short Papers—Volume 2, in NAACL-Short’03
,
Edmonton, Canada
,
May
.
113.
Levinson
,
S. C.
, and
Torreira
,
F.
,
2015
, “
Timing in Turn-Taking and Its Implications for Processing Models of Language
,”
Front. Psychol.
,
6
, p.
731
.
114.
Roberts
,
F.
, and
Francis
,
A. L.
,
2013
, “
Identifying a Temporal Threshold of Tolerance for Silent Gaps After Requests
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
,
133
(
6
), pp.
EL471
EL477
.
115.
The Multi-user Computer-Aided Design Collaborative Learning Framework (MUCAD-CLF)
,” ReadyLab-U, Toronto, 2022.
116.
Miši
,
D.
CAD System Evaluation Based on User Interface Efficiency
”.
117.
Meluso
,
J.
,
Johnson
,
S.
, and
Bagrow
,
J. P.
Making Virtual Teams Work: Redesigning Virtual Collaboration for the Future
”.
118.
Chai
,
D. S.
, and
Park
,
S.
,
2022
, “
The Increased Use of Virtual Teams During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Implications for Psychological Well-Being
,”
Hum. Resour. Dev. Int.
,
25
(
2
), pp.
199
218
.
119.
Garro-Abarca
,
V.
,
Palos-Sanchez
,
P.
, and
Aguayo-Camacho
,
M.
,
2021
, “
Virtual Teams in Times of Pandemic: Factors That Influence Performance
,”
Front. Psychol.
,
12
, pp.
1
14
.
120.
Clark
,
J. O.
,
2009
, “
System of Systems Engineering and Family of Systems Engineering From a Standards, V-Model, and Dual-V Model Perspective
,”
2009 3rd Annual IEEE Systems Conference
,
Vancouver, Canada
,
Mar. 23–26
, pp.
381
387
.
121.
Cross
,
R.
, and
Parker
,
A.
,
2004
,
The Hidden Power of Social Networks: Understanding How Work Really Gets Done in Organizations
,
Harvard Business Publishing
,
Boston, MA
.
122.
Hinds
,
P.
, and
Bailey
,
D.
,
2003
, “
Out of Sight, Out of Sync: Understanding Conflict in Distributed Teams
,”
Organ. Sci.
,
14
(
6
), pp.
615
632
.
123.
Ancona
,
D. G.
, and
Caldwell
,
D. F.
,
1992
, “
Bridging the Boundary: External Activity and Performance in Organizational Teams
,”
Adm. Sci. Q.
,
37
(
4
), pp.
634
665
.
You do not currently have access to this content.