Effective electrification of automotive vehicles requires designing the powertrain's configuration along with sizing its components for a particular vehicle type. Employing planetary gear (PG) systems in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) powertrain architectures allows various architecture alternatives to be explored, including single-mode architectures that are based on a fixed configuration and multimode architectures that allow switching power flow configuration during vehicle operation. Previous studies have addressed the configuration and sizing problems separately. However, the two problems are coupled and must be optimized together to achieve system optimality. An all-in-one (AIO) system solution approach to the combined problem is not viable due to the high complexity of the resulting optimization problem. This paper presents a partitioning and coordination strategy based on analytical target cascading (ATC) for simultaneous design of powertrain configuration and sizing for given vehicle applications. The capability of the proposed design framework is demonstrated by designing powertrains with one and two PGs for a midsize passenger vehicle.
Issue Section:
Design Automation
Keywords:
Decomposition-based design optimization
References
1.
Conlon
, B. M.
, Savagian
, P. J.
, Holmes
, A. G.
, and Harpster
, M. O.
, 2011
, “Output Split Electrically-Variable Transmission With Electric Propulsion Using One or Two Motors
,” U.S. Patent No. 7,867,124.2.
Sasaki
, S.
, 1998
, “Toyota's Newly Developed Hybrid Powertrain
,” 10th International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs
, IEEE, pp. 17
–22
.3.
Schmidt
, M.
, 1996
, “Two-Mode, Input-Split, Parallel, Hybrid Transmission
,” U.S. Patent No. 5,558,588.4.
Schmidt
, M.
, 1996
, “Two-Mode, Split Power, Electro-Mechanical Transmission
,” U.S. Patent No. 5,577,973.5.
Holmes
, A.
, Klemen
, D.
, and Schmidt
, M.
, 2003
, “Electrically Variable Transmission With Selective Input Split, Compound Split, Neutral and Reverse Modes
,” U.S. Patent No. 6,527,658.6.
Holmes
, A.
, and Schmidt
, M.
, 2002
, “Hybrid Electric Powertrain Including a Two-Mode Electrically Variable Transmission
,” U.S. Patent No. 6,478,705.7.
Ai
, X.
, and Anderson
, S.
, 2005
, “An Electro-Mechanical Infinitely Variable Transmission for Hybrid Electric Vehicles
,” SAE Technical Paper No. 2005-01-0281.8.
Schmidt
, M.
, 1999
, “Two-Mode, Compound-Split Electro-Mechanical Vehicular Transmission
,” U.S. Patent No. 5,931,757.9.
Raghavan
, M.
, Bucknor
, N. K.
, and Hendrickson
, J. D.
, 2007
, “Electrically Variable Transmission Having Three Interconnected Planetary Gear Sets, Two Clutches and Two Brakes
,” U.S. Patent No. 7,179,187.10.
Chakrabarti
, A.
, Shea
, K.
, Stone
, R.
, Cagan
, J.
, Campbell
, M.
, Hernandez
, N. V.
, and Wood
, K. L.
, 2011
, “Computer-Based Design Synthesis Research: An Overview
,” J. Comput. Inf. Sci. Eng.
, 11
(2
), p. 021003
.11.
Crawley
, E.
, Cameron
, B.
, and Selva
, D.
, 2015
, System Architecture: Strategy and Product Development for Complex Systems
, Prentice Hall
, Upper Saddle River, NJ.12.
Campbell
, M. I.
, Cagan
, J.
, and Kotovsky
, K.
, 2000
, “Agent-Based Synthesis of Electromechanical Design Configurations
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 122
(1
), pp. 61
–69
.13.
Münzer
, C.
, Helms
, B.
, and Shea
, K.
, 2013
, “Automatically Transforming Object-Oriented Graph-Based Representations Into Boolean Satisfiability Problems for Computational Design Synthesis
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 135
(10
), p. 101001
.14.
Silvas
, E.
, Hofman
, T.
, Murgovski
, N.
, Etman
, P.
, and Steinbuch
, M.
, 2016
, “Review of Optimization Strategies for System-Level Design in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
, PP
(99
), (to be published).15.
Liu
, J.
, and Peng
, H.
, 2010
, “A Systematic Design Approach for Two Planetary Gear Split Hybrid Vehicles
,” Veh. Syst. Dyn.
, 48
(11
), pp. 1395
–1412
.16.
Zhang
, X.
, Li
, S. E.
, Peng
, H.
, and Sun
, J.
, 2015
, “Efficient Exhaustive Search of Power-Split Hybrid Powertrains With Multiple Planetary Gears and Clutches
,” ASME J. Dyn. Syst., Meas., Control
, 137
(12
), p. 121006
.17.
Bayrak
, A. E.
, Ren
, Y.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2013
, “Design of Hybrid-Electric Vehicle Architecture Using Auto-Generation of Feasible Driving Modes
,” ASME
Paper No. DETC2013-13043. 18.
Bayrak
, A. E.
, Ren
, Y.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2014
, “Optimal Dual-Mode Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Architecture Design for a Variety of Loading Scenarios
,” ASME
Paper No. DETC2014-34897. 19.
Bayrak
, A. E.
, Kang
, N.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2015
, “Decomposition-Based Design Optimization of Hybrid Electric Powertrain Architectures: Simultaneous Configuration and Sizing Design
,” ASME
Paper No. DETC2015-46861. 20.
Kim
, H. M.
, 2001
. “Target Cascading in Optimal System Design
,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.21.
Michelena
, N.
, Park
, H.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2003
, “Convergence Properties of Analytical Target Cascading
,” AIAA J.
, 41
(5
), pp. 897
–905
.22.
Kang
, N.
, Kokkolaras
, M.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2014
, “Solving Multiobjective Optimization Problems Using Quasi-Separable MDO Formulations and Analytical Target Cascading
,” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
, 50
(5
), pp. 849
–859
.23.
Kang
, N.
, Kokkolaras
, M.
, and Papalambros
, P. Y.
, 2014
, “Optimal Design of Commercial Vehicle Systems Using Analytical Target Cascading
,” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
, 50
(6
), pp. 1103
–1114
.24.
Tosserams
, S.
, Etman
, L.
, Papalambros
, P.
, and Rooda
, J.
, 2006
, “An Augmented Lagrangian Relaxation for Analytical Target Cascading Using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers
,” Struct. Multidiscip. Optim.
, 31
(3
), pp. 176
–189
.25.
Bayrak
, A. E.
, 2015
, “Topology Considerations in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrain Architecture Design
,” Ph.D. thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.26.
Allison
, J. T.
, and Herber
, D. R.
, 2014
, “Special Section on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization: Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Dynamic Engineering Systems
,” AIAA J.
, 52
(4
), pp. 691
–710
.27.
Junkins
, J.
, and Rew
, D.
, 1988
, “Unified Optimization of Structures and Controllers
,” Large Space Structures: Dynamics and Control
, Springer
, Berlin, pp. 323
–353
.28.
Smith
, M.
, Grigoriadis
, K.
, and Skelton
, R.
, 1992
, “Optimal Mix of Passive and Active Control in Structures
,” J. Guid., Control, Dyn.
, 15
(4
), pp. 912
–919
.29.
Fathy
, H. K.
, Reyer
, J. A.
, Papalambros
, P. Y.
, and Ulsoy
, A. G.
, 2001
, “On the Coupling Between the Plant and Controller Optimization Problems
,” American Control Conference
, IEEE, Vol. 3
, pp. 1864
–1869
.30.
Peters
, D. L.
, Papalambros
, P. Y.
, and Ulsoy
, A. G.
, 2015
, “Relationship Between Coupling and the Controllability Grammian in Co-Design Problems
,” Mechatronics
, 29
, pp. 36
–45
.31.
Allison
, J. T.
, Guo
, T.
, and Han
, Z.
, 2014
, “Co-Design of an Active Suspension Using Simultaneous Dynamic Optimization
,” ASME J. Mech. Des.
, 136
(8
), p. 081003
.32.
Deodhar
, N.
, Vermillion
, C.
, and Tkacik
, P.
, 2015
, “A Case Study in Experimentally-Infused Plant and Controller Optimization for Airborne Wind Energy Systems
,” American Control Conference (ACC)
, IEEE, pp. 2371
–2376
.33.
Fathy
, H. K.
, Papalambros
, P. Y.
, Ulsoy
, A. G.
, and Hrovat
, D.
, 2003
, “Nested Plant/Controller Optimization With Application to Combined Passive/Active Automotive Suspensions
,” American Control Conference
, IEEE, Vol. 4
, pp. 3375
–3380
.34.
Lin
, C.-C.
, Peng
, H.
, Grizzle
, J. W.
, and Kang
, J.-M.
, 2003
, “Power Management Strategy for a Parallel Hybrid Electric Truck
,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol.
, 11
(6
), pp. 839
–849
.35.
Liu
, J.
, and Peng
, H.
, 2006
, “Control Optimization for a Power-Split Hybrid Vehicle
,” American Control Conference
, IEEE.36.
Delprat
, S.
, Guerra
, T.
, and Rimaux
, J.
, 2002
, “Control Strategies for Hybrid Vehicles: Optimal Control
,” IEEE 56th Vehicular Technology
, IEEE, Vol. 53
, pp. 1681
–1685
.37.
Kim
, N.
, Cha
, S.
, and Peng
, H.
, 2011
, “Optimal Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle
,” IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol.
, 19
(5
), pp. 1279
–1287
.38.
Paganelli
, G.
, Delprat
, S.
, Guerra
, T.-M.
, Rimaux
, J.
, and Santin
, J.-J.
, 2002
, “Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Parallel Hybrid Powertrains
,” IEEE 55th Vehicular Technology Conference VTC Spring 2002
, IEEE, Vol. 4
, pp. 2076
–2081
.39.
Serrao
, L.
, Onori
, S.
, and Rizzoni
, G.
, 2009
, “ECMS as a Realization of Pontryagin's Minimum Principle for HEV Control
,” American Control Conference
, IEEE, pp. 3964
–3969
.40.
Cheong
, K. L.
, Li
, P. Y.
, and Chase
, T. R.
, 2011
, “Optimal Design of Power-Split Transmissions for Hydraulic Hybrid Passenger Vehicles
,” American Control Conference
, IEEE, pp. 3295
–3300
.41.
Antony
, G. G.
, and Pantelides
, A.
, 2006
, “Precision Planetary Servo Gearheads
,” Technical Report No. 06FTM04, American Gear Manufacturers Association.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
