In metals, large strain inelastic deformation processes such as the formation of a preferred crystallographic orientation (crystallographic texture) and strain hardening processes such as the formation and evolution of dislocation substructures depend on stress-state. Much of the current large strain research has focused on texture. Crystallographic texture development and strainhardening processes each contribute to the overall material behavior, and a complete description of large strain inelastic material response should reflect both. An investigation of the large strain behavior of 304L stainless steel (SS 304L) subjected to compression, torsion, and sequences of compression followed by torsion and torsion followed by tension is reported. This paper focuses on the stress-state dependence of strain-hardening processes as well as the relative effect such processes have on the overall material behavior. To characterize these processes, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as magnetization investigations were conducted at different strain levels and under different deformation modes. The γ → α′ martensitic transformation which occurs in this material was found to be related to both the strain level and stress state. Dislocation substructures in the form of Taylor lattices, dense dislocation walls, and microbands were also present. The ramifications of using a thin-walled tubular torsion specimen were also explored.
1.
Angel
T.
1954
, “Formation of Martensite in Austenitic Stainless Steels
,” Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute
, Vol. 177
, pp. 165
–174
.2.
Asaro
R. J.
1983
, “Crystal Plasticity
,” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics
, Vol. 50
, pp. 921
–934
.3.
Asaro
R. J.
Needleman
A.
1985
, “Texture Development and Strain Hardening in Rate Dependent Polycrystals
,” Acta Metallurgica
, Vol. 33
, pp. 923
–953
.4.
Bammann
D. J.
1990
, “Modeling Temperature and Strain Rate Dependent Large Deformations of Metals
,” Applied Mechanics Reviews
, Vol. 43
, No. 5
, Part 2, pp. s312–s319
s312–s319
.5.
Bammann
D. J.
Aifantis
E. C.
1987
, “A Model for Finite-Deformation Plasticity
,” Acta Mechanics
, Vol. 69
, pp. 97
–117
.6.
Bassani
J. L.
1990
, “Latent Hardening and Single Crystal Plasticity
,” Applied Mechanics Reviews
, Vol. 43
, No. 5
, Part 2, E. Krempl and D. L. McDowell, eds., p. S320
S320
.7.
Bunge
H.-J.
Roberts
W. T.
1969
, “Orientation Distribution, Elastic and Plastic Anisotropy in Stabilized Sheet Metal
,” Journal of Applied Crystallography
, Vol. 2
, pp. 116
–128
.8.
Chin, G. Y., 1973, “The Role of Preferred Orientation in Plastic Deformation,” The Inhomogeneity of Plastic Deformation, The American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, pp. 83–112.
9.
Chin
G. Y.
Mammel
W. L.
1967
, “Computer Solutions of the Taylor Analysis for Axisymmetric Flow
,” Transactions of Met. Soc. AIME
, Vol. 239
, pp. 1400
–1405
.10.
Cuitin˜o
A. M.
Ortiz
M.
1992
, “Computational Modelling of Single Crystals
,” Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.
, Vol. 1
, pp. 225
–263
.11.
Dafalias, Y. F., and Cho, H.-W., 1989, “Verification of the Plastic Spin Concept in Viscoplasticity,” Proceedings of Plasticity ’89, 2nd International Symposium on Plasticity and its Current Applications, Pergamon Press, Oxford-New York, pp. 287–290.
12.
Dawson
P. R.
1987
, “On Modeling of Mechanical Property Changes during Flat Rolling of Aluminum
,” International Journal of Solids and Structures
, Vol. 23
, No. 7
, pp. 947
–968
.13.
Hansen
N.
Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf
D.
1986
, “Low Energy Dislocation Structures due to Unidirectional Deformation at Low Temperatures
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. 8
, pp. 141
–161
.14.
Hansen, N., and Jensen, J., 1991, “Flow Stress Anisotropy Caused by Geometrically Necessary Boundaries,” Acta Metallurgica et Materiala (in press).
15.
Hecker, S. S., Stout, M. G., and Eash, D. T., 1982, “Experiments on Plastic Deformation at Finite Strain,” Proceedings of the Workshop on Plasticity of Metals at Finite Strain: Theory, Experiment, and Computation, E. H. Lee and R. L. Mallett, eds. Division of Applied Mechanics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, pp. 162–201.
16.
Hecker, S. S., and Stout, M. G., 1984, “Strain Hardening of Heavily Cold Worked Metals,” Deformation Processing and Structures, George Krauss, ed., American Society of Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, pp. 1–46.
17.
Hughes
D. A.
1993
a, “Microstructural Evolution in a Non-Cell Forming Material: Al-Mg
,” Acta Metallurgica et Materiala
, Vol. 41
, pp. 1421
–1430
.18.
Hughes, D. A., 1993b, Personal Communication.
19.
Hughes
D. A.
Nix
W. D.
1989
, “Strain Hardening and Substructural Evolution in Ni-Co Solid Solutions at Large Strains
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. A122
, pp. 153
–172
.20.
Johnson
G. R.
Hoegfeldt
J. M.
Lindholm
U. S.
Nagy
A.
1983
, “Response of Various Metals to Large Torsional Strains Over a Large Range of Strain Rates-Part 1: Ductile Metals
,” ASME JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
, Vol. 105
, pp. 42
–53
.21.
Jonas, J. J., Canova, G. R., Shrivistava, S. C., and Christodoulou, N., 1981, “Sources of the Discrepancy Between the Flow Curves Determined in Torsion and in Axisymmetric Tension and Compression Testing,” Proceedings of The Workshop on Plasticity of Metals at Finite Strain: Theory, Experiment and Computation, Division of Applied Mechanics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, pp. 206–222.
22.
Juul Jensen
D.
Hansen
N.
1990
, “Flow Stress Anisotropy in Aluminum
,” Acta Metallurgica et Materials
, Vol. 38
, pp. 1369
–1380
.23.
Kallend
J. S.
Davies
G. J.
1972
, “A Simulation of Texture Development in FCC Metals
,” Philosophical Magazine
, Series 8, Vol. 25
, pp. 471
–490
.24.
Kalidindi, S. R., and Anand, L., 1991, “Towards a Capability for Predicting the Evolution of Crystallographic Texture During Forming of Metals,” Advances in Finite Deformation Problems in Materials Processing and Structures, AMD-Vol. 125, ASME, New York, NY.
25.
Kawahara, W. A., 1990, “Effects of Specimen Design in Large-Strain Compression,” Experimental Techniques, Mar/Apr 1990. pp. 58–60.
26.
Khan
A. S.
Wang
X.
1990
, “An Experimental Study of Large Finite Plastic Deformation in Annealed 1100 Aluminum During Proportional and Non-proportional Biaxial Compression
,” International Journal of Plasticity
, Vol. 6
, pp. 485
–504
.27.
Khen
R.
Rubin
M. B.
1992
, “Analytical Modelling of Second Order Effects in Large Deformation Plasticity
,” International Journal of Plasticity
, Vol. 29
, No. 18
, pp. 2235
–2258
.28.
Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf
D.
1962
, “A New Theory of Work Hardening
,” Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of the AIME
, Vol. 224
, pp. 1047
–1061
.29.
Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf
D.
1989
, “Theory of Plastic Deformation:-Properties of Low Energy Dislocation Structures
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. A113
, pp. 1
–41
.30.
Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf
D.
Comins
N. R.
1983
, “Dislocation Cell Formation and Work Hardening in the Unidirectional Glide of FCC Metals, I: Basic Theory of Cell Walls Parallel to the Primary Glide Plane in Early Stage II
,” Materials Science and Engineering
, Vol. 60
, pp. 7
–24
.31.
Lagneborg
R.
1963
, “The Martensite Transformation in 18% Cr-8% Ni Steels
,” Acta Metallurgica
, Vol. 12
, pp. 823
–843
.32.
Lindholm
U. S.
Nagy
A.
Johnson
G. R.
Hoegfeldt
J. M.
1980
, “Large Strain, High Strain Rate Testing of Copper
,” ASME JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
, Vol. 102
, pp. 376
–381
.33.
Lipkin, J., 1990, Materials Division, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore. CA, Personal Communication.
34.
Lipkin, J., 1991, Materials Division, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, Personal Communication.
35.
Lipkin, J., Chiesa, M. L., and Bammann, D. J., 1989, “Thermal Softening of 304L Stainless Steel: Experimental Results and Numerical Simulations,” Impact Loading and Dynamic Behavior of Materials, C. Y. Chiem et al., eds, pp. 687.
36.
Lowe, T. C., and Lipkin, J., 1990, “Analysis of Axial Deformation Response During Reverse Shear,” Sandia National Labs Report #SAND90-8417, Sandia National Labs, Livermore, CA.
37.
Mathur
K. K.
Dawson
P. R.
1989
, “On Modeling the Development of Crystallographic Texture in Bulk Forming Processes
,” International Journal of Plasticity
, Vol. 5
, pp. 67
–94
.38.
Meyers, M. A., and Chawla, K. K., 1984, Mechanical Metallurgy, Principles and Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
39.
Miller, M. P., 1993, “Improved Constitutive Laws for Finite Strain Inelastic Deformation,” Ph.D. dissertation, The George Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology.
40.
Miller, M. P., and McDowell, D. L., 1992, “Stress State Dependence of Finite Strain Inelasticity,” Microstructural Characterization in Constitutive Modeling of Metals and Granular Media, ASME MD Vol. 32, G. P. Voyiadjis, ed., pp. 27–44.
41.
Miller, M. P., McDowell, D. L., Lee, Y. K., and Bammann, D. J., 1992, “Anisotropy and Path Dependence in Finite Deformation Shear and Sequential Compression/Shear,” Proceedings of The Asia-Pacific Symposium on Advances in Engineering Plasticity and its Application, Hong Kong, Dec. 15–17, 1992.
42.
Montheillet
F.
Cohen
M.
Jonas
J. J.
1984
, “Axial Stresses and Texture Development During the Torsion Testing of Al, Cu and a-Fe
,” Acta Metallugica
, Vol. 32
, No. 11
, pp. 2077
–2089
.43.
Murr
L. E.
Staudhammer
K. P.
Hecker
S. S.
1982
, “Effects of Strain State and Strain Rate on Deformation-Induced Transformation in 304 Stainless Steel: Part II, Microstructural Study
,” Metallurgical Transactions
, A, Vol. 13A
, pp. 627
–635
.44.
Neale
K. W.
Shrivistava
S. C.
1990
, “Analytical Solutions for Circular Bars Subjected to Large Strain Plastic Torsion
,” ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics
, Vol. 57
, pp. 298
–306
.45.
Olson
G. B.
Cohen
M.
1972
, “A Mechanism for the Strain-Induced Nucleation of Martensitic Transformations
,” Journal of the Less Common Metals
, Vol. 28
, pp. 107
–118
.46.
Paulun
J. E.
Pecherski
R. B.
1987
, “On the Application of the Plastic Spin Concept for the Description of Anisotropic Hardening in Finite Deformation Plasticity
,” International Journal of Plasticity
, Vol. 3
, pp. 303
–314
.47.
Shirivisatava
S. C.
Jonas
J. J.
Canova
G.
1982
, “Equivalent Strain in Large Deformation Torsion Testing: Theoretical and Practical Considerations
,” Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids
, Vol. 30
, No. 1/2
, pp. 75
–90
.48.
Stout
M. G.
Follansbee
P. S.
1983
, “Strain Rate Sensitivity, Strain Hardening, and Yield Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel
,” ASME JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
, Vol. 108
, pp. 344
–353
.49.
Stout
M. G.
Lovato
M. L.
1992
, “Compression Testing Techniques to Determine the Stress/Strain Behavior of Metals Subject to Finite Deformation
,” Metallurgical Transactions A
, Vol. 23A
, pp. 935
–951
.50.
Stringfellow
R. G.
Parks
D. M.
Olson
G. B.
1992
, “A Constitutive Model for Transformation Plasticity Accompanying Strain-Induced Martensite Transformation in Metastable Austenitic Steels
,” Acta Metallurgica Materials
, Vol. 7
, pp. 1703
–1716
.51.
Taylor
G. I.
1938
, “Plastic Strain in Metals
,” Journal of the Institute of Metals
, Vol. 62
, pp. 307
–324
.52.
Teodosiu, C, 1991, “Texture vs Microstructure in Anisotropic Plasticity,” Anisotropy and Localization of Plastic Deformation, J.-P. Boehler and A. S. Khan, eds., pp. 179–182.
53.
Venables
J. A.
1962
, “The Martensite Transformation in Stainless Steels
,” Philosophical Magazine
, Vol. 7
, pp. 35
–44
.54.
White
C. S.
1992
, “An Analysis of the Thin-walled Torsion Specimen
,” ASME JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
, Vol. 114
, pp. 384
–389
.
This content is only available via PDF.
Copyright © 1996
by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
You do not currently have access to this content.
