... on smart forming tools by Cao et al. [ 17 ]. metal forming lightweight materials Performance-Constraints-Mechanism-Innovation (PCMI) Metal working has long been an intriguing part of our human development, evident from examples, such as those in Fig. 1 , i.e., the world’s oldest preserved...

...Ho Choi; Muammer Koç; Jun Ni Hydroforming of lightweight materials at elevated temperature is a relatively new process with promises of increased formability at low internal pressure levels. In this study, the mechanism of warm hydroforming processes is presented in terms of its formability...

... lightweight materials finite element analysis failure criterion Lightweight vehicles have become a key target for car manufacturers due to ever-increasing concerns about minimizing environmental impact and maximizing fuel economy without sacrificing the vehicle performance, comfort...