Forming load and energy can be determined if the flow stress of the deforming, material is known at the temperature and strain-rate conditions existing during the process. In this study domestic and foreign melalforming articles were reviewed and the available flow stress data have been presented for selected carbon, stainless, and tool steels; aluminum, copper, and titanium alloys; magnesium, uranium, zircaloy, molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, and niobium. Whenever possible, data are presented by calculating and tabulating coefficients K and n to express strain hardening (flow stress σ¯ = Kε¯n), and C and m to express strain-rate dependency (). Examples are given to illustrate the use of flow-stress data with simple formulas in predicting pressures in upset forging, closed-die forging, and cold extrusion.
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November 1973
This article was originally published in
Journal of Engineering for Industry
Research Papers
Flow Stress of Metals and Its Application in Metal Forming Analyses
T. Altan,
T. Altan
Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
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F. W. Boulger
F. W. Boulger
Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
Search for other works by this author on:
T. Altan
Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
F. W. Boulger
Battelle’s Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio
J. Eng. Ind. Nov 1973, 95(4): 1009-1019
Published Online: November 1, 1973
Article history
Received:
February 12, 1973
Online:
July 15, 2010
Citation
Altan, T., and Boulger, F. W. (November 1, 1973). "Flow Stress of Metals and Its Application in Metal Forming Analyses." ASME. J. Eng. Ind. November 1973; 95(4): 1009–1019. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3438245
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