Welding, like other major manufacturing processes such as casting, metal forming, and material removal, has its roots in ancient times, though not necessarily in the various forms as we know them today. It therefore has a long history, with thousands of articles having been published on various aspects of the welding process over the years. However, there have been periodic reviews of the literature in the past, that summarize significant developments in the field. Thus, due to constraints on page limit, and to avoid unnecessary repetition of what is already well reviewed in the literature, this article will reference the key literature reviews on the subject, providing brief summaries where appropriate. The bulk of the article will then be devoted to more recent developments in the field. Due to the breadth of material to be covered, this review is designed to be more of a summary of key developments rather than a critique of a specific field.

1.
Adams
C. M.
,
1958
, “
Cooling Rates and Peak Temperature in Fusion Welding
,”
Welding Journal
, Vol.
37
, No.
5
, pp.
210
215
.
2.
Alcini
W. V.
,
1990
, “
Experimental Measurement of Liquid Nugget Heat Convection in Spot Welding
,”
Welding Journal
, Vol.
69
, pp.
177s–180s
177s–180s
.
3.
Allum
C. J.
,
1985
, “
Metal Transfer in Arc Welding as a Varicose Instability: I. Varicose Instabilities in a Current-Carrying Liquid Cylinder with Surface Charge; II. Development of Model for Arc Welding
,”
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1446
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4.
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J. C.
,
1965
, “
Lorentz Force in the Molten Tip of an Arc Electrode
,”
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1179
.
6.
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K.
,
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G. E.
,
Karsai
G.
, and
Ramaswamy
K.
,
1990
, “
Artificial Neural Networks Applied to Arc Welding Process Modeling and Control
,”
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications
, Vol.
26
, pp.
824
830
.
7.
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8.
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Y.
, and
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E.
,
1978
, “
Tandem Electron Beam Welding (Report I)
,”
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.
9.
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D. R.
,
1980
, “
A Mathematical Model for Fluid Flow in a Weld Pool at High Currents
,”
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10.
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11.
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12.
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B. E.
, and
Hardt
D. E.
, “
A Real-Time Calibrated Thermal Model for Closed-Loop Weld Bead Geometry Control
,”
ASME Journal of Dynamic Systems Measurement and Control
, Vol.
107
,
1985
, pp.
25
33
.
13.
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,
Perec
M.
, and
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,
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, “
Ultrasonic Lamb Wave Method For Sizing Of Spot Welds
,”
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, pp.
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84
.
14.
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E.
,
Behler
K.
, and
Herziger
G.
,
1988
, “
Plasma Absorption Effects in Welding with CO2 Lasers
,”
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, pp.
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95
.
15.
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,
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,
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,
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,
Lessard
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,
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and
Villemure
D.
,
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,
Adaptive Welding by Fiber Optic Thermographic Sensing: An Analysis of Thermal and Instrumental Considerations
,
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, pp.
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.
16.
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R. J.
,
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C. D.
, and
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T. W.
,
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, “
Electrode Geometry in Resistance Spot Welding
,”
Welding Journal
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, pp.
45s–51s
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.
17.
Browne
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, et al.,
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, “
Computer Simulation of Resistance Spot Welding in Aluminum
,”
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, pp.
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.
18.
Chan
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,
Mazumder
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, and
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,
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, “
A Two-Dimensional Transient Model for Convection in Laser Melted Pool
,”
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19.
Chan
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, and
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,
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,”
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, and
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,
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, “
Asymptotic Solution for Thermocapillary Flow at High and Low Prandtl Numbers Due to Concentrated Surface Heating
,”
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.
21.
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,
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N. H.
, and
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,
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, “
Infrared Thermography for Sensing the Arc Welding Process
,”
Welding Journal
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.
23.
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,
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W. H.
,
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, “
Infrared Sensing for Adaptive Arc Welding
,”
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.
24.
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, and
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Y. J.
,
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, “
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,”
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.
25.
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,
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, “
A Microprocessor-Based Electrode Movement Controller for Spot Weld Quality Assurance
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,
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,
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27.
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,
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, and
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,
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,”
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.
28.
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, and
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,
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,”
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33.
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,
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, “
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,”
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34.
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35.
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36.
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,
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, and
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,
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, “
An Analysis of the Nugget Formation in Projection Welding
,”
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37.
Denney
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, and
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,
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, “
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,”
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38.
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Acoustic Emission Measurements During Electron Beam Welding of Nickel-Base Alloys
,”
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,
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,
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,”
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,”
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,”
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,
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,”
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,
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,”
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,”
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,”
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,”
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,”
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