Abstract

A qualitative chemical screening method for lead in wipe samples was evaluated for its utility in detecting the presence of lead in collected dust; preliminary evaluation of the performance of the method is reported here. In evaluating the method on pure lead compounds, the observed intensity of the characteristic color change due to the presence of lead was generally consistent with the relative solubilities of the tested compounds. Some pure (non-lead) metal compounds (e.g., those of Ag, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Hg, and Sr) were found to give false positive results. Several representative lead-containing reference materials were also tested, and the qualitative test results differed for different materials. For materials collected on wipes, the method was found to be effective for detecting lead in several sample matrices commonly found in occupational settings. The technique was also applied on-site on dermal samples collected at field locations.

References

1.
Sato
,
M.
and
Yano
,
E.
, “
The Association Between Lead Contamination on the Hand and Blood Lead Concentration: A Workplace Application of the Sodium Sulphide (Na2S) Test
,”
Sci. Total Environ.
 0048-9697, Vol.
363
,
2006
, pp.
107
113
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.07.009
2.
Durgam
,
S.
,
Aristeguieta
,
C.
, and
Achutan
,
C.
, “
Evaluation of Health Concerns at a Printed Circuit Board Manufacturing Plant
,” National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 2007-0201—3086, CDC/NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH,
2009
.
3.
Ashley
,
K.
, “
Field-Portable Methods for Monitoring Occupational Exposures to Metals
,”
J. Chem. Health Saf.
, Vol.
17
, No.
3
,
2010
, pp.
22
28
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2009.07.002
4.
Pulido
,
A.
,
Ruisánchez
,
I.
,
Boqué
,
R.
, and
Rius
,
F. X.
, “
Estimating the Uncertainty of Binary Test Results to Assess Their Compliance with Regulatory Limits
,”
Anal. Chim. Acta
 0003-2670, Vol.
455
,
2002
, pp.
267
275
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(01)01604-X
5.
Pulido
,
A.
,
Ruisánchez
,
I.
,
Boqué
,
R.
, and
Rius
,
F. X.
, “
Uncertainty of Results in Routine Qualitative Analysis
,”
Trends Analyt. Chem.
 0167-2940, Vol.
22
,
2003
, pp.
647
654
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(03)01104-X
6.
Ellison
,
S. L. R.
,
Gregory
,
S.
, and
Hardcastle
,
W. A.
, “
Quantifying Uncertainty in Qualitative Analysis
,”
Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.)
 0003-2654, Vol.
123
,
1998
, pp.
1155
1161
. https://doi.org/10.1039/a707970b
7.
Esswein
,
E. J.
,
Boeniger
,
M. F.
, and
Ashley
,
K.
, “
Handwipe Disclosing Method for the Presence of Lead
,” U.S. Patent No. 6,248,593 (
2001
).
8.
Esswein
,
E. J.
and
Ashley
,
K.
, “
Lead in Dust Wipes by Chemical Spot Test, NIOSH Method 9105
,”
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
, 4th ed., 3rd. suppl.,
CDC/NIOSH
,
Cincinnati, OH
,
2003
.
9.
Kolthoff
,
I. M.
, “
Het gebruik van rhodizonzuur natrium als reagens op barium, strontium en lood [The Use of Sodium Rhodizonate as a Reagent for Barium, Strontium and Lead]
,”
Pharm. Weekbl
 0031-6911, Vol.
62
,
1925
, pp.
1017
1020
.
10.
Feigl
,
F.
and
Suter
,
H. A.
, “
Analytical Use of Sodium Rhodizonate
,”
Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal Ed.
, Vol.
14
,
1942
, pp.
840
842
. https://doi.org/10.1021/i560110a034
11.
Ashley
,
K.
,
Fischbach
,
T. J.
, and
Song
,
R.
, “
Evaluation of a Chemical Spot-Test Kit for the Detection of Airborne Particulate Lead in the Workplace
,”
Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.
 0002-8894, Vol.
57
,
1996
, pp.
161
165
.
12.
Ashley
,
K.
,
Hunter
,
M.
,
Tait
,
L. H.
,
Dozier
,
J.
,
Seaman
,
J. L.
, and
Berry
,
P. F.
, “
Field Investigation of On-Site Techniques for the Measurement of Lead in Paint Films
,”
Field Anal. Chem. Technol.
 1086-900X, Vol.
2
,
1998
, pp.
39
50
. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1998)2:1<39::AID-FACT5>3.0.CO;2-9
13.
Song
,
R.
,
Schlecht
,
P. C.
, and
Ashley
,
K.
, “
Field Screening Test Methods: Performance Criteria and Performance Characteristics
,”
J. Hazard. Mater.
 0304-3894, Vol.
83
,
2001
, pp.
29
39
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00325-3
14.
Ashley
,
K.
,
Song
,
S.
, and
Schlecht
,
P. C.
, “
Performance Criteria and Characteristics of Field Screening Test Methods
,”
Am. Lab. (Shelton, Conn.)
 0044-7749, Vol.
34
, No.
12
,
2002
, pp.
32
39
.
15.
ASTM E1792,
2003
, “
Standard Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface Dust
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.11
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
16.
ASTM E1728,
2002
, “
Standard Practice for Field Collection of Settled Dust Samples using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.11
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
17.
ASTM D4840,
1999
, “
Standard Guide for Sampling Chain-of-Custody Procedures
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
11.01
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
18.
ASTM E1644,
2004
, “
Standard Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe Samples for the Determination of Lead
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.11
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
19.
ASTM E1613,
2004
, “
Standard Test Method for Determination of Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS) Techniques
,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.11
, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
20.
Merck
,
The Merck Index
, 11th. ed.,
S.
Budavari
, Ed.,
Merck
,
Rahway, NJ
,
1989
.
21.
Note: Red-green color-blind individuals may have difficulty discerning this color change.
22.
Feigl
,
F.
and
Anger
,
V.
,
Spot Tests in Inorganic Analysis
, 6th ed.,
Elsevier
,
Amsterdam
,
1972
.
23.
Greninger
,
D.
,
Kollonitsch
,
V.
,
Kline
,
C. H.
,
Willemsens
,
L. C.
, and
Cole
,
J. F.
,
Lead Chemicals
,
International Lead Zinc Research Organization
,
New York
,
1975
.
24.
Ríos
,
A.
,
Barceló
,
D.
,
Buydens
,
L.
,
Cárdenas
,
S.
,
Heydorn
,
K.
,
Karlberg
,
B.
,
Klemm
,
K.
,
Lendl
,
B.
,
Milman
,
B.
,
Niedhart
,
B.
,
Stephany
,
E. W.
,
Townshend
,
A.
,
Zschunke
,
A.
, and
Valcárcel
,
M.
, “
Quality Assurance of Qualitative Analysis in the Framework of the European Project ‘MEQUALAN’
,”
Accreditation Qual. Assur
, Vol.
8
,
2003
, pp.
68
77
. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-002-0556-x
25.
Trullols
,
E.
,
Ruisánchez
,
I.
, and
Rius
,
F. X.
, “
Validation of Qualitative Analytical Methods
,”
Trends Analyt. Chem.
 0167-2940, Vol.
23
,
2004
, pp.
137
145
. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-9936(04)00201-8
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.