Numerical Investigations of a Single Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe for Cryogenic Applications

The thermohydraulics of a single-loop pulsating heat pipe (PHP) for cryogenic applications have been simulated. The 120 mm long PHP tube is made of a 1.5 mm diameter inner tube of thickness 0.83 mm. The computation fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis performed with the ansysfluent software is a 2D numerical study using pure nitrogen as the working fluid in binary phases. The boundary condition on the evaporator is of constant heat flux, while the same on the condenser is of constant temperature. The phase behavior of the liquid and vapor and their interactions are accounted for through the volume of fluid (VOF) method and the Lee model. The numerical model is validated using the existing experimental data, with an agreement of less than 8% between them. The thermo-hydraulic variations of temperature, pressure, and velocity have been simulated for different heat loads and fractional liquid contents (fill ratios). The temperature and pressure oscillations set in the PHP-fluid increase with the heat added to the evaporator while the fluid velocity remains independent. The heat load and the fill ratio dictate the effective thermal conductivity—attaining nearly 3400 W/mK for a fill ratio of 70% in the chosen PHP geometry. An alteration has been made in the Jacob number to predict the dominance of sensible heat over latent heat in a PHP, postulated by other researchers. The constant fill ratio assumption is not truly valid as it indicates a small yet finite variation with the change in the heat load.