Abstract
The article presents the preliminary results concerning the use of miniature magnetic linear encoders for the measurement of displacements at small strains in triaxial soil tests. Presented are: the main principle of operation of this type of sensors, their advantages, and how they have been implemented in a standard triaxial test stand to the existing equipment. Finally, the test results obtained for a soil sample are used to highlight the difference in results obtained with the new sensors compared to linear variable differential transformer transducers.
Issue Section:
Technical Notes
References
1.
Ackerley
, S. K.
, Standing
, J. R.
, and Hosseini Kamal
, R.
, 2016
, “A System for Measuring Local Radial Strains in Triaxial Apparatus
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 66
, No. 6
, pp. 515
–522
, https://doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.15.T.0272.
Atkinson
, J. H.
, 2000
, “Non-Linear Soil Stiffness in Routine Design
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 50
, No. 5
, pp. 487
–508
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2000.50.5.4873.
Baldi
, G.
, Hight
, D. W.
, and Thomas
, G. E.
, 1988
, “A Reevaluation of Conventional Triaxial Test Methods
,” Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ASTM STP977
, Donaghe
R. T.
, Chaney
R. C.
, and Silver
M. L.
, Eds., ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
, pp. 219
–263
, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP29080S4.
Bésuelle
, P.
and Desrues
, J.
, 2001
, “An Internal Instrumentation for Axial and Radial Strain Measurements in Triaxial Tests
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 24
, No. 2
, pp. 193
–199
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11339J5.
Brown
, S. F.
and Snaith
, M. S.
, 1974
, “The Measurement of Recoverable and Irrecoverable Deformations in Repeated Load Triaxial Test
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 24
, No. 2
, pp. 225
–259
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1974.24.2.2556.
Burland
, J. B.
, 1989
, “Ninth Laurits Bjerrum Memorial Lecture: ‘Small is Beautiful’—the Stiffness of Soils at Small Strains
,” Can. Geotech. J.
, Vol. 26
, No. 4
, pp. 499
–516
, https://doi.org/10.1139/t89-0647.
Burland
, J. B.
and Symes
, M.
, 1982
, “A Simple Axial Displacement Gage for Use in Triaxial Apparatus
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 32
, No. 1
, pp. 62
–65
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1982.32.1.628.
Clayton
, C. R. I.
, 2011
, “Stiffness at Small Strain: Research and Practice
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 61
, No. 1
, pp. 5
–37
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2011.61.1.59.
Clayton
, C. R. I.
and Heymann
, G.
, 2001
, “Stiffness of Geomaterials at Very Small Strains
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 51
, No. 3
, pp. 245
–255
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.3.24510.
Clayton
, C. R. I.
and Khatrush
, S. A.
, 1986
, “A New Device for Measuring Local Axial Strains on Triaxial Specimens
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 36
, No. 4
, pp. 593
–597
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1986.36.4.59311.
Clayton
, C. R. I.
, Khatrush
, S. A.
, Bica
, A. V. D.
, and Siddique
, A.
, 1989
, “The Use of Hall Effect Semiconductors in Geotechnical Instrumentation
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 12
, No. 1
, pp. 69
–76
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10676J12.
Cole
, D. M.
, 1978
, “A Technique for Measuring Radial Deformation during Repeated Load Triaxial Testing
,” Can. Geotech. J.
, Vol. 15
, No. 3
, pp. 426
–429
, https://doi.org/10.1139/t78-03913.
Cuccovillo
, T.
and Coop
, M. R.
, 1997
, “The Measurement of Local Axial Strains in Triaxial Tests Using LVDTs
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 47
, No. 1
, pp. 167
–171
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.1.16714.
Da Re
, G.
, Santagata
, M.
, and Germaine
, J.
, 2001
, “LVDT Based System for the Measurement of the Prefailure Behavior of Geomaterials
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 24
, No. 3
, pp. 288
–298
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11347J15.
Desrues
, J.
, Chambon
, R.
, Mokni
, M.
, and Mazerolle
, F.
, 1996
, “Void Ratio Evaluation inside Shear Bands in Triaxial Sand Specimens Studied by Computer Tomography
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 46
, No. 3
, pp. 529
–546
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.3.52916.
Gasparre
, A.
, Hight
, D. W.
, Coop
, M. R.
, and Jardine
, R. J.
, 2014
, “The Laboratory Measurement and Interpretation of the Small-Strain Stiffness of Stiff Clays
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 64
, No. 12
, pp. 942
–953
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.P.22717.
Godlewski
, T.
and Szczepański
, T.
, 2015
, “Measurement of Soil Shear Wave Velocity Using In Situ and Laboratory Seismic Methods—Some Methodological Aspects
,” Geol. Q.
, Vol. 59
, No. 2
, pp. 358
–366
.18.
Goto
, S.
, Tatsuoka
, F.
, Shibuya
, S.
, Kim
, Y. S.
, and Sato
, T.
, 1991
, “A Simple Gauge for Local Small Strain Measurements in Laboratory
,” Soils Found.
, Vol. 31
, No. 1
, pp. 169
–180
, https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.31.16919.
Hird
, C. C.
and Yung
, P. C. Y.
, 1989
, “Use of Proximity Transducers for Local Strain Measurements in Triaxial Tests
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 12
, No. 4
, pp. 292
–296
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10987J20.
Hoque
, E.
, Sato
, T.
, and Tatsuoka
, F.
, 1997
, “Performance Evaluation of LDTs for Use in Triaxial Tests
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 20
, No. 2
, pp. 149
–167
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10735J21.
Ibraim
, E.
and Di Benedetto
, H.
, 2005
, “New Local System of Measurements of Axial Strains for Triaxial Apparatus Using LVDT
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 28
, No. 5
, pp. 436
–444
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ1163022.
Jardine
, R. J.
, Brooks
, N. J.
, and Smith
, P. R.
, 1985
, “The Use of Electrolevel Transducers for Strain Measurements in Triaxial Tests on Weak Rock
,” Int. J. Rock Mech. Miner. Sci. Geomech. Abstr.
, Vol. 22
, No. 5
, pp. 331
–337
, https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(85)92065-023.
Jardine
, R. J.
, Symes
, M. J.
, and Burland
, J. B.
, 1984
, “The Measurement of Soil Stiffness in the Triaxial Apparatus
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 34
, No. 3
, pp. 323
–340
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1984.34.3.32324.
Kaczmarek
, Ł. D.
, Dobak
, P. J.
, and Kiełbasiński
, K.
, 2017
, “Preliminary Investigations of Creep Strain of Neogene Clay from Warsaw in Drained Triaxial Tests Assisted by Computed Microtomography
,” Stud. Geotech. Mech.
, Vol. 39
, No. 2
, pp. 35
–49
.25.
Leong
, E. C.
, Nyunt
, T. T.
, and Low
, K. S.
, 2011
, “Local Displacement Transducer with Anderson Loop
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 34
, No. 6
, pp. 676
–684
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10340126.
Li
, L.
, Zhang
, X.
, Chen
, G.
, and Lytton
, R.
, 2016
, “Measuring Unsaturated Soil Deformations during Triaxial Testing Using a Photogrammetry-Based Method
,” Can. Geotech. J.
, Vol. 53
, No. 3
, pp. 472
–489
, https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-003827.
Lo Presti
, D. C. F.
, Pallara
, O.
, Rainò
, M.
, and Maniscalco
, R.
, 1993
, “A Computer Controlled Triaxial Apparatus; Preliminary Results
,” Riv. Ital. Geotecnica
, Vol. 28
, pp. 43
–60
.28.
Macari-Pasqualino
, E. J.
, Costes
, N. C.
, and Parker
, J. K.
, 1993
, “Digital Image Techniques for Volume Change Measurement in Triaxial Tests
,” presented at Digital Image Processing: Techniques and Applications in Civil Engineering
, Kona, HI, ASCE
, Reston, VA
, pp. 211
–219
.29.
Parker
, J. K.
, 1987
, “Image Processing and Analysis for the Mechanics of Granular Materials Experiment
,” presented at the ASME 19th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory
, Nashville, TN
.30.
Roscoe
, K. H.
, Arthur
, J. R. F.
, and James
, R. G.
, 1963
, “The Determination of Strains in Soils by an X-Ray Method
,” Civ. Eng. Public Works Rev.
, Vol. 58
, pp. 873
–876
.31.
Salazar
, S. E.
, Barnes
, A.
, and Coffman
, R. A.
, 2015
, “Development of an Internal Camera-Based Volume Determination System for Triaxial Testing
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 38
, No. 4
, pp. 549
–555
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ2014024932.
Salazar
, S. E.
and Coffman
, R. A.
, 2015
, “Consideration of Internal Board Camera Optics for Triaxial Testing Applications
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 38
, No. 1
, pp. 40
–49
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ2014016333.
Santucci de Magistris
, F.
, Koseki
, J.
, Amaya
, M.
, Hamaya
, S.
, Sato
, T.
, and Tatsuoka
, F.
, 1999
, “A Triaxial Testing System for Evaluate Stress-Strain Behavior of Soils for Wide Range of Strain and Strain-Rate
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 22
, No. 1
, pp. 44
–60
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ11315J34.
Scholey
, G.
, Frost
, J.
, Lo Presti
, D.
, and Jamiolkowski
, M.
, 1995
, “A Review of Instrumentation for Measuring Small Strains during Triaxial Testing of Soil Specimens
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 18
, No. 2
, pp. 137
–156
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10318J35.
Tatsuoka
, F.
, 1988
, “Some Recent Developments in Triaxial Testing Systems for Cohesionless Soils
,” Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ASTM STP977
, Donaghe
R. T.
, Chaney
R. C.
, and Silver
M. L.
, Eds., ASTM International
, West Conshohocken, PA
, pp. 7
–67
, https://doi.org/10.1520/STP29068S36.
Tatsuoka
, F.
, Jardine
, R. J.
, Lo Presti
, D. C. F.
, Di Benedetto
, H.
, and Kodaka
, T.
, 1997
, “Characterizing the Pre-Failure Deformation Properties of Geomaterials
,” presented at the 14th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
, Hamburg, Germany, Balkema, Rotterdam
, pp. 2129
–2164
.37.
Tatsuoka
, F.
, Sato
, T.
, Park
, C.
, Kim
, Y.
, Mukabi
, J.
, and Kohata
, Y.
, 1994
, “Measurements of Elastic Properties of Geomaterials in Laboratory Compression Tests
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 17
, No. 1
, pp. 80
–94
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10076J38.
White
, D. J.
, Take
, W. A.
, and Bolton
, M. D.
, 2003
, “Soil Deformation Measurement Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Photogrammetry
,” Géotechnique
, Vol. 53
, No. 7
, pp. 619
–631
, https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.61939.
Yimsiri
, S.
, Soga
, K.
, and Chandler
, S. G.
, 2005
, “Cantilever-Type Local Deformation Transducer for Local Axial Strain Measurement in Triaxial Test
,” Geotech. Test. J.
, Vol. 28
, No. 5
, pp. 445
–451
, https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ1143240.
Zhang
, X.
, Li
, L.
, Chen
, G.
, and Lytton
, R.
, 2015
, “A Photogrammetry-Based Method to Measure Total and Local Volume Changes of Unsaturated Soils during Triaxial Testing
,” Acta Geotech.
, Vol. 10
, No. 1
, pp. 55
–82
, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-014-0346-8
This content is only available via PDF.
All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of ASTM International.
You do not currently have access to this content.