... the development of low-emissions technologies. Atomization modeling is often facilitated by using the Lagrangian approach rather than the more complex and computationally expensive Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) approach. However, most Lagrangian breakup models rely on empirical constants that must be fully calibrated...

... an experimentally derived rate of injection or one-way coupling with a separate internal nozzle volume of fluid simulation, were examined with an LES turbulence model. Both local data close to the injector and global penetration results were used to compare simulations. Local data, such as the local liquid volume...