Abstract
The paper presents first an algebraic method of calculating the couples, forces, and stresses in a three-dimensional pipe line fixed at the ends, consisting of straight parts at right angles to each other connected by quarter bends. The solution is complete in that it takes account of bending, torsion, compression, and shearing. It comprises a special discussion of the rotations and deflections of quarter bends when subjected to forces and couples acting normal to their plane, with particular application to the three-dimensional pipe line. The author also gives an analysis of the stresses at the terminal sections and in the bends, together with a discussion of the strength criteria and the permissible working stresses. A numerical example is given to illustrate the application of the formulas.
