https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2032-4964
Abstract
This study investigates the sustainability and applicability of commercial superhydrophobic (SH) coatings for reducing skin friction drag. Three different SH surfaces were applied to flat plates using a spray coating technique, with static contact angles of 145 deg, 147 deg, and 155 deg, respectively. Turbulent flow measurements were conducted using a two-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system in an open channel flow facility at a Reynolds number of 34200. The novelty of this work lies in characterizing drag reduction from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the fabricated surface in the streamwise direction rather than one measurement plane. Velocity measurements were performed in a spanwise direction at selected planes. The study also evaluated the correlation between slip velocity and slip length, showing that slip length becomes equivalent to the coating thickness as the plastron depletes. The fabricated SH surfaces increased turbulence intensity and Reynolds normal stress, primarily near the wall, with diminishing effects further away. This confirms the existence of an interference region of air/water near the wall induced by SH surfaces. Overall, the results demonstrated average drag reductions of 11%, 7%, and 18% for the tested surfaces. The study provides strong evidence for the effectiveness of SH surfaces in consistently reducing viscous drag across the entire plate span, from the leading edge to the trailing edge.
References
1.
Qi
, X.
, and Song
, D. P.
, 2012
, “Minimizing Fuel Emissions by Optimizing Vessel Schedules in Liner Shipping With Uncertain Port Times
,” Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev.
, 48
(4
), pp. 863
–880
.10.1016/j.tre.2012.02.0012.
Fukuda
, K.
, Tokunaga
, J.
, Nobunaga
, T.
, Nakatani
, T.
, Iwasaki
, T.
, and Kunitake
, Y.
, 2000
, “Frictional Drag Reduction With Air Lubricant Over a Super-Water-Repellent Surface
,” J. Mar. Sci. Technol.
, 5
(3
), pp. 123
–130
.10.1007/s0077300700093.
Fu
, Y. F.
, Yuan
, C. Q.
, and Bai
, X. Q.
, 2017
, “Marine Drag Reduction of Shark Skin Inspired Riblet Surfaces
,” Biosurface Biotribol.
, 3
(1
), pp. 11
–24
.10.1016/j.bsbt.2017.02.0014.
Sreenivasan
, K. R.
, and White
, C. M.
, 2000
, “The Onset of Drag Reduction by Dilute Polymer Additives, and the Maximum Drag Reduction Asymptote
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 409
, pp. 149
–164
.10.1017/S00221120990078185.
Samaha
, M. A.
, Tafreshi
, H. V.
, and Gad-el-Hak
, M.
, 2011
, “Superhydrophobic Surfaces: From the Lotus Leaf to the Submarine
,” C. R. Mec
,. 340
(1–2
), pp. 18
–34
.10.1016/j.crme.2011.11.0026.
Zhang
, X.
, Duan
, X.
, and Muzychka
, Y.
, 2018
, “New Mechanism and Correlation for Degradation of Drag-Reducing Agents in Turbulent Flow With Measured Data From a Double-Gap Rheometer
,” Colloid Polym. Sci.
, 296
(4
), pp. 829
–834
.10.1007/s00396-018-4300-47.
Rothstein
, J. P.
, 2010
, “Slip on Superhydrophobic Surfaces
,” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech.
, 42
(1
), pp. 89
–109
.10.1146/annurev-fluid-121108-1455588.
Lee
, C.
, Choi
, C. H.
, and Kim
, C. J.
, 2016
, “Superhydrophobic Drag Reduction in Laminar Flows: A Critical Review
,” Exp. Fluids
, 57
(12
), pp. 1
–20
.10.1007/s00348-016-2264-z9.
Luo
, Y.
, Wang
, L.
, Green
, L.
, Song
, K.
, Wang
, L.
, and Smith
, R.
, 2015
, “Advances of Drag-Reducing Surface Technologies in Turbulence Based on Boundary Layer Control
,” J. Hydrodyn.
, 27
(4
), pp. 473
–487
.10.1016/S1001-6058(15)60507-810.
Simpson
, J. T.
, Hunter
, S. R.
, and Aytug
, T.
, 2015
, “Superhydrophobic Materials and Coatings: A Review Reports
,” Prog Physics
, 78
, p. 086501
.10.1088/0034-4885/78/8/08650111.
Mohammadi
, A.
, and Floryan
, J. M.
, 2012
, “Mechanism of Drag Generation by Surface Corrugation
,”. Phys. Fluids
, 24
(1
), p. 013602
.10.1063/1.367555712.
Das
, S.
, Kumar
, S.
, Samal
, S. K.
, Mohanty
, S.
, and Nayak
, S. K.
, 2018
, “A Review on Superhydrophobic Polymer Nanocoatings: Recent Development and Applications
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 57
(8
), pp. 2727
–2745
.10.1021/acs.iecr.7b0488713.
Yunqing
, G.
, Tao
, L.
, Jiegang
, M.
, Zhengzan
, S.
, and Peijian
, Z.
, 2017
, “Analysis of Drag Reduction Methods and Mechanisms of Turbulent
,” Appl. Bionics Biomech.
, 2017
, pp. 1
–8
.10.1155/2017/685872014.
Soleimani
, S.
, and Eckels
, S.
, 2021
, Feb 1;9:“A Review of Drag Reduction and Heat Transfer Enhancement by Riblet Surfaces in Closed and Open Channel Flow
,” Int. J. Thermofluids
, 9
, p. 100053
.10.1016/j.ijft.2020.10005315.
Jouin
, A.
, Cherubini
, S.
, and Robinet
, J. C.
, 2024
, “Turbulent Transition in a Channel With Superhydrophobic Walls: Anisotropic Slip and Shear Misalignment Effects
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 980
, pp. A49.10.1017/jfm.2024.316.
Picella
, F.
, Robinet
, J. C.
, and Cherubini
, S.
, 2020
, “On the Influence of the Modelling of Superhydrophobic Surfaces on Laminar–Turbulent Transition
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 901
,p. A15
.10.1017/jfm.2020.51617.
Picella
, F.
, Robinet
, J. C.
, and Cherubini
, S.
, 2019
, “Laminar–Turbulent Transition in Channel Flow With Superhydrophobic Surfaces Modelled as a Partial Slip Wall
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 881
, pp. 462
–497
.10.1017/jfm.2019.74018.
Yu
, C.
, Liu
, M.
, Zhang
, C.
, Yan
, H.
, Zhang
, M.
, Wu
, Q.
, Liu
, M.
, and Jiang
, L.
, 2020
, Jun 1;“Bio-Inspired Drag Reduction: From Nature Organisms to Artificial Functional Surfaces
,” Giant
, 2
, p. 100017
.10.1016/j.giant.2020.10001719.
Gose
, J. W.
, Golovin
, K.
, Boban
, M.
, Mabry
, J. M.
, Tuteja
, A.
, Perlin
, M.
, and Ceccio
, S. L.
, 2018
, “Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces for Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 845
, pp. 560
–580
.10.1017/jfm.2018.21020.
Krupenkin
, T. N.
, Taylor
, J. A.
, Schneider
, T. M.
, and Yang
, S.
, 2004
, “From Rolling Ball to Complete Wetting: The Dynamic Tuning of Liquids on Nanostructured Surfaces
,” Langmuir
, 20
(10
), pp. 3824
–3827
.10.1021/la036093q21.
Daniello
, R. J.
, Waterhouse
, N.
, and E and Rothstein
, J. P.
, 2009
, “Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flows Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces
,”. Phys Fluids
, 21
(8
), p. 085103
.0.1063/1.320788522.
Park
, H.
, Choi
, C. H.
, and Kim
, C. J.
, 2021
, “Superhydrophobic Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flows: A Critical Review
,” Exp. Fluids
, 62
(11
), pp. 1
–29
.10.1007/s00348-021-03322-423.
Reholon
, D.
, and Ghaemi
, S.
, 2018
, “Plastron Morphology and Drag of a Superhydrophobic Surface in Turbulent Regime
,” Phys. Rev. Fluids
, 3
(10
), p. 104003.10.1103/PhysRevFluids.3.10400324.
Rowin
, W. A.
, and Ghaemi
, S.
, 2019
, “Streamwise and Spanwise Slip Over a Superhydrophobic Surface
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 870
, pp. 1127
–1157
.10.1017/jfm.2019.22525.
Woolford
, B.
, Prince
, J.
, Maynes
, D.
, and Webb
, B. W.
, 2009
, “Particle Image Velocimetry Characterization of Turbulent Channel Flow With Rib Patterned Superhydrophobic Walls
,” Phys Fluids
, 21
(8
), p. 085106
.10.1063/1.321360726.
Aljallis
, E.
, Sarshar
, M. A.
, Datla
, R.
, Sikka
, V.
, Jones
, A.
, and Choi
, C. H.
, 2013
, “Experimental Study of Skin Friction Drag Reduction on Superhydrophobic Flat Plates in High Reynolds Number Boundary Layer Flow
,” Phys Fluids
, 25
(2
), p. 025103
.10.1063/1.479160227.
Jia-Peng
, Z.
, Xiang-Dang
, D. U.
, and Xiu-Hua
, S. H. I.
, 2007
, “Experimental Research on Friction-Reduction With Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces
,” J. Mar. Sci. Appl.
, 6
(3
), pp. 58
–61
.10.1007/s11804-007-7007-328.
Peguero
, C.
, and Breuer
, K.
, 2009
, “On Drag Reduction in Turbulent Channel Flow Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces
,” 12th EUROMECH European Turbulence Conference
, Marburg, Germany, Sept. 7–10
, pp. 233
–236
.10.1007/978-3-642-03085-7_5729.
Park
, H.
, Sun
, G.
, and Kim
, C. J.
, 2014
, “Superhydrophobic Turbulent Drag Reduction as a Function of Surface Grating Parameters
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 747
, pp. 722
–734
.10.1017/jfm.2014.15130.
Bidkar
, R. A.
, Leblanc
, L.
, Kulkarni
, A. J.
, Bahadur
, V.
, Ceccio
, S. L.
, and Perlin
, M.
, 2014
, “Skin-Friction Drag Reduction in the Turbulent Regime Using Random-Textured Hydrophobic Surfaces
,”. Phys Fluids
, 26
(8
), p. 085108
.10.1063/1.489290231.
Ling
, H.
, Srinivasan
, S.
, Golovin
, K.
, McKinley
, G. H.
, Tuteja
, A.
, and Katz
, J.
, 2016
, “High-Resolution Velocity Measurement in the Inner Part of Turbulent Boundary Layers Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 801
, pp. 670
–703
.10.1017/jfm.2016.45032.
Zhang
, J.
, Tian
, H.
, Yao
, Z.
, Hao
, P.
, and Jiang
, N.
, 2015
, “Mechanisms of Drag Reduction of Superhydrophobic Surfaces in a Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow
,” Exp. Fluids
, 56
(9
), pp. 1
–13
.10.1007/s00348-015-2047-y33.
Hokmabad
, B. V.
, and Ghaemi
, S.
, 2016
, “Turbulent Flow Over Wetted and Non- Wetted Superhydrophobic Counterparts With Random Structure
,” Phys Fluids
, 28(1), p. 015112
.10.1063/1.494032534.
Abu Rowin
, W.
, Hou
, J.
, and Ghaemi
, S.
, 2018
, “Turbulent Channel Flow Over Riblets With Superhydrophobic Coating
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
, 94
, pp. 192
–204
.10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2018.02.00135.
Gogte
, S.
, Vorobieff
, P.
, Truesdell
, R.
, Mammoli
, A.
, van Swol
, F.
, Shah
, P.
, and Brinker
, C. J.
, 2005
, “Effective Slip on Textured Superhydrophobic Surfaces
,” Phys. Fluids
, 17
(5
), p. 051701
.10.1063/1.189640536.
Henoch
, C.
, Krupenkin
, T. N.
, Kolodner
, P.
, Taylor
, J. A.
, Hodes
, M. S.
, Lyons
, A. M.
, Peguero
, C.
, and Breuer
, K.
, 2006
, “Turbulent Drag Reduction Using Superhydrophobic Surfaces Collect
,” AIAA
Paper No. 2006–3192.10.2514/6.2006-319237.
Bhushan
, B.
, 2014
, “Biomimetic Structures for Fluid Drag Reduction in Laminar and Turbulent Flows
,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
, 22(3), p. 035104
.10.1088/0953-8984/22/3/03510438.
Pierce
, E.
, Carmona
, F. J.
, and Amirfazli
, A.
, 2008
, “Understanding of Sliding and Contact Angle Results in Tilted Plate Experiments
,” Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp.
, 323
(1–3
), pp. 73
–82
.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.09.03239.
Nyantekyi-Kwakye
, B.
, Essel
, E. E.
, Dow
, K.
, Clark
, S. P.
, and Tachie
, M. F.
, 2020
, “Hydraulic and Turbulent Flow Characteristics Beneath a Simulated Partial Ice-Cover
,” J. Hydraul. Res.
, 59(3), pp. 392
–403
.10.1080/00221686.2020.178049340.
Voronov, R. S., Papavassiliou, D. V., and Lee, L. L., 2008, “Review of Fluid Slip Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces and its Dependence on the Contact Angle,”
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 47(8), pp. 2455
–2477
.10.1021/ie071294141.
Schwarz
, A. C.
, Plesniak
, M. W.
, and Murthy
, S.
, 1999
, “Turbulent Boundary Layers Subjected to Multiple Strains
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 121
(3
), pp. 526
–532
.10.1115/1.282350042.
Abu Rowin
, W.
, Hou
, J.
, and Ghaemia
, S.
, 2017
, “Inner and Outer Layer Turbulence Over a Superhydrophobic Surface With Low Roughness Level at Low Reynolds Number
,” Phys Fluids
, 29
(9
), p. 095106
.10.1063/1.500439843.
Alsharief
, A. F.
, 2024
, “Experimental Investigation and Theoretical Analysis of Passive Drag Reduction Over Surfaces of Various Degrees of Wettability
,” Doctoral dissertation, Memorial University of Newfoundland
, St. John's, NL, Canada.44.
Paschkewitz
, J. S.
, Dubief
, Y.
, and Shaqfeh
, E. S. G.
, 2005
, “The Dynamic Mechanism for Turbulent Drag Reduction Using Rigid Fibers Based on Lagrangian Conditional Statistics
,” Phys. Fluids
, 17
(6
), p. 063102.10.1063/1.192544745.
Hwang
, Y.
, 2024
, “Near-Wall Streamwise Turbulence Intensity as Re τ→∞
,” Phys. Rev. Fluids
, 9
(4
), p. 044601
.10.1103/PhysRevFluids.9.04460146.
Lee
, S. H.
, and Sung
, H. J.
, 2007
, “Direct Numerical Simulation of the Turbulent Boundary Layer Over a Rod-Roughened Wall
,” J. Fluid Mech.
, 584
, pp. 125
–146
.10.1017/S002211200700646547.
Saito
, N.
, and Pullin
, D. I.
, 2014
, “Large Eddy Simulation of Smooth-Rough-Smooth Transitions in Turbulent Channel Flows
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
, 78
, pp. 707
–720
.10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.08848.
Fukagata
, K.
, Kasagi
, N.
, and Koumoutsakos
, P.
, 2006
, “A Theoretical Prediction of Friction Drag Reduction in Turbulent Flow by Superhydrophobic Surfaces
,” Phys. Fluids
, 18
(5
), p. 051703
.10.1063/1.220530749.
Alsharief
, A. F. A.
, Duan
, X.
, and Muzychka
, Y. S.
, 2023
, “Evolution of Air Plastron Thickness and Slip Length Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces in Taylor Couette Flows
,” Fluids
, 8
(4
), p. 133
.10.3390/fluids804013350.
Alsharief
, A.
, Duan
, X.
, Yethiraj
, A.
, and Muzychka
, Y.
, 2024
, “Wettability Effects of Curved Superhydrophobic Surfaces On Drag Reduction in Taylor-Couette Flows of Water and Oil
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 146
(1
), p. 011402
.10.1115/1.406343551.
Mohamed
, A.
, Duan
, X.
, Nyantekyi-Kwakye
, B.
, and Muzychka
, Y.
, 2023
, Experimental Investigation of Drag Reduction Over Superhydrophobic Surfaces in an Open Channel Flow,” Proceedings of the Thermal and Fluids Engineering Summer Conference
, Maryland, MD, Mar. 26–29, pp. 1
–5
.https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xili-Duan/publication/371002387_EXPERIMENTAL_INVESTIGATION_OF_DRAG_REDUCTION_OVER_SUPERHYDROPHOBIC_SURFACES_IN_AN_OPEN_CHANNEL_FLOW/links/655f4339b1398a779dab80d4/EXPERIMENTAL-INVESTIGATION-OF-DRAG-REDUCTION-OVER-SUPERHYDROPHOBIC-SURFACES-IN-AN-OPEN-CHANNEL-FLOW.pdfCopyright © 2025 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
