Abstract
The underlying physics ever behind the aerodynamics of an airfoil in ground effect (GE) are still not fully resolved. In this work, the aerodynamics for an airfoil in GE is investigated computationally for both transitional and turbulent flow regimes. Large eddy simulation (LES) is employed to explore the flow physics around a NACA0012 airfoil in ground vicinity, which is commonly used in wind energy applications. The angle of attack (AoA) is fixed at AoA = 10 deg, while the flight height to chord ratio (h/c) is variable. An analysis is conducted for the aerodynamic forces, i.e., the lift (CL), and the drag (CD). The behavior for the skin fiction drag (CDf) is explored in the light of the flow physics near the ground. In addition, the vortex shedding behavior is estimated at different height (h/c) for the transitional and turbulent flow regimes. At h/c = 0.2, the friction drag (CDf) is improved by 9.6% and 16.3% for the transitional and turbulent flow regimes, respectively. The results show that the frequencies for the vortex shedding decline significantly near the ground. This decline is correlated with the larger vortical structures and vortex developing mechanism.
Issue Section:
Flows in Complex Systems
References
1.
Abramowski
,
T.
, 2007
, “
Numerical Investigation of Airfoil in Ground Proximity
,” J. Theor. Appl. Mech.
,
45
(2
), pp. 425
–436
.http://www.ptmts.org.pl/jtam/index.php/jtam/article/view/v45n2p4252.
Ahmed
,
M. R.
, and
Sharma
,
S. D.
, 2005
, “
An Investigation on the Aerodynamics of a Symmetrical Airfoil in Ground Effect
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
,
29
(6
), pp. 633
–647
.10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2004.09.0013.
Barber
,
T.
, and
Hall
,
S.
, 2006
, “
Aerodynamic Ground Effect: A Case Study of the Integration of CFD and Experiments
,” Int. J. Veh. Des.
,
40
(4
), p. 299
.10.1504/IJVD.2006.0090684.
Jamei
,
S.
,
Maimun
,
A.
,
Mansor
,
S.
,
Azwadi
,
N.
, and
Priyanto
,
A.
, 2012
, “
Numerical Investigation on Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Compound Wing-In-Ground Effect
,” J. Aircr.
,
49
(5
), pp. 1297
–1305
.10.2514/1.C0316275.
Kinaci
,
O. K.
, 2014
, “
An Iterative Boundary Element Method for a Wing-In-Ground Effect
,” Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng.
,
6
(2
), pp. 282
–296
.10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-01796.
Ito
,
Y.
, and
Iwashita
,
H.
, 2016
, “
Influences of the Wake Deformation and the Free-Surface on Steady Aerodynamics of Wings in the Ground Effect
,” J. Jpn. Soc. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng.
,
24
, pp. 51
–68
.10.2534/jjasnaoe.24.517.
Bukanov
,
K. V.
, and
Zherekhov
,
V. V.
, 2016
, “
Studies of the Screening Surface Proximity on Integral Aerodynamic Characteristics of Rectangular High-Lift Wings of Different Aspect Ratio
,” Russ. Aeronaut.
,
59
(1
), pp. 36
–43
.10.3103/S10687998160100628.
Luo
,
S. C.
, and
Chen
,
Y. S.
, 2012
, “
Ground Effect on Flow Past a Wing With a NACA0015 Cross-Section
,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci.
,
40
, pp. 18
–28
.10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2012.01.0149.
Mugunthan
,
M.
,
Pravalika
,
D.
,
Kiran Babu
,
K. M.
, and
Kumar
,
S. S.
, 2015
, “
Flow Field Investigation of Flat Bottom Aerofoil Under Ground Effect
,” IOSR J. Mech. Civ. Eng.
,
12
(4
), p. 83
–88
.https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Flow-Field-Investigation-of-Flat-Bottom-Aerofoil-Journals-Mugunthan/ffa72324a7b436b7df94dcc233ad83320c717c0510.
Roozbahani
,
M. H.
,
Shojaeefard
,
M. H.
,
Tahani
,
M.
, and
Niroee
,
M. H.
, 2011
, “
Numerical Investigation on the Aerodynamics Characteristics of a WIG Craft Airfoil With Different Turbulence Models
,” Proceedings of the 10th Conference of Iranian Aerospace Society
,
Tehran, Iran, Mar.
11.
Malti
,
K.
,
Hebow
,
H.
, and
Imine
,
B.
, 2016
, “
Numerical Study of Flow Around NACA0015 in Ground Effect
,” EPJ Web Conf.
,
114
, p. 02069
.10.1051/epjconf/20161140206912.
Jung
,
J. H.
,
Yoon
,
H. S.
,
Chun
,
H. H.
,
Hung
,
P. A.
, and
Elsamni
,
O. A.
, 2012
, “
Mean Flow Characteristics of Two-Dimensional Wings in Ground Effect
,” Int. J. Nav. Archit. Ocean Eng.
,
4
(2
), pp. 151
–161
.10.2478/IJNAOE-2013-008613.
Hussain
,
I. Y.
, and
Abood
,
M. S.
, 2016
, “
Aerodynamic Characteristics of CLARK-Y Smoothed Inverted Wing With Ground Effects
,” Int. J. Comput. Appl.
,
136
(7
), pp. 42
–50
.10.5120/ijca201690850214.
Al-Kayiem
,
H. H.
, and
Chelven
,
A. K.
, 2011
, “
An Investigation on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of 2-D Airfoil in Ground Collision
,” J. Eng. Sci. Technol.
,
6
(3
), pp. 371
–383
.https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol%206%20Issue%203%20Junel%2011/Vol_6(3)_369_381_KAYIEM.pdf15.
Zhang
,
X.
, and
Zerihan
,
J.
, 2000
, “
Turbulent Wake Behind a Single Element Wing in Ground Effect
,” Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Applications of Laser Techniques to Fluid Mechanics
,
Lisbon, Portugal
, July.16.
Zerihan
,
J.
, and
Zhang
,
X.
, 2001
, “
Aerodynamics of Gurney Flaps on a Wing in Ground Effect
,” AIAA J.
,
39
(5
), pp. 772
–780
.10.2514/2.139617.
Ahmed
,
M. R.
,
Takasaki
,
T.
, and
Kohama
,
Y.
, 2007
, “
Aerodynamics of a NACA4412 Airfoil in Ground Effect
,” AIAA J.
,
45
(1
), pp. 37
–47
.10.2514/1.2387218.
Mahon
,
S.
, and
Zhang
,
X.
, 2005
, “
Computational Analysis of Pressure and Wake Characteristics of an Aerofoil in Ground Effect
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
,
127
(2
), pp. 290
–298
.10.1115/1.189115219.
Vogt
,
J. W.
, and
Barber
,
T. J.
, 2010
, “
Variation of Ground Effect Phenomena About Downforce Generating Tyrrell and NACA4412 Aerofoils
,” Int. J. Aerodyn.
,
1
(1
), pp. 82
–96
.10.1504/IJAD.2010.03170420.
Cravero
,
C.
, 2017
, “
Aerodynamic Performance Prediction of a Profile in Ground Effect With and Without a Gurney Flap
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng
.,
139
(3
), p. 031105
.10.1115/1.403513721.
Ockfen
,
A. E.
, and
Matveev
,
K. I.
, 2008
, “
Numerical Study of Wing Aerodynamics in Ground Proximity
,” ASME
Paper No. IMECE2008-66115. 10.1115/ IMECE2008-6611522.
Yang
,
Z. G.
,
Yang
,
W.
, and
Jia
,
Q.
, 2010
, “
Ground Viscous Effect on 2D Flow of Wing in Ground Proximity
,” Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech.
,
4
(4
), pp. 521
–531
.10.1080/19942060.2010.1101533823.
Ben-Nasr
,
O.
,
Hadjadj
,
A.
,
Chaudhuri
,
A.
, and
Shadloo
,
M. S.
, 2017
, “
Assessment of Subgrid-Scale Modeling for Large-Eddy Simulation of a Spatially-Evolving Compressible Turbulent Boundary Layer
,” Comput. Fluids
,
151
, pp. 144
–158
.10.1016/j.compfluid.2016.07.00424.
Nicoud
,
F.
, and
Ducros
,
F.
, 1999
, “
Subgrid-Scale Stress Modelling Based on the Square of the Velocity Gradient Tensor
,” Flow, Turbul. Combust.
,
62
(3
), pp. 183
–200
.10.1023/A:100999542600125.
Gregory
,
N.
, and
O’Reilly
,
C. L.
, 1970
, “
Low-Speed Aerodynamic Characteristics of NACA 0012 Aerofoil Section, Including the Effects of Upper-Surface Roughness Simulating Hoar Frost
,” Ministry of Defence, London, NPL Technical Report, Reports and Memoranda No. 3726.26.
Lehmkuhl
,
O.
,
Baez
,
A.
,
Rodrıguez
,
I.
, and
Perez-Segarra
,
C. D.
, 2011
, “
Direct Numerical Simulation and Large-Eddy Simulations of the Turbulent Flow Around a NACA-0012 Airfoil
,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computational Heat and Mass Transfer
, Istanbul, Turkey, July.27.
Moore
,
N.
,
Wilson
,
P. A.
, and
Peters
,
A. J.
, 2002
, “
An Investigation Into Wing in Ground Effect Airfoil Geometry
,” RTO SCI Symposium on Challenges in Dynamics, System Identification, Control and Handling Qualities for Land, Air, Sea and Space Vehicles
,
Berlin, Germany
, May 2002.28.
Weller
,
H. G.
,
Tabor
,
G.
,
Jasak
,
H.
, and
Fureby
,
C.
, 1998
, “
A Tensorial Approach to Computational Continuum Mechanics Using Object-Oriented Techniques
,” Comput. Phys.
,
12
(6
), pp. 620
–631
.10.1063/1.16874429.
Menter
,
F. R.
, 2012
, “
Best Practice: Scale-Resolving Simulations in ANSYS CFD
,” ANSYS Germany GmbH
, Germany.30.
Celik
,
I. B.
,
Ghia
,
U.
,
Roache
,
P. J.
,
Freitas
,
C. J.
,
Coleman
,
H.
, and
Raad
,
P. E.
, 2008
, “
Procedure for Estimation and Reporting of Uncertainty Due to Discretization in CFD Applications
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
,
130
(7
), p. 0780011
.10.1115/1.296095331.
Richardson
,
L. F.
, 1910
, “
The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, With an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam
,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
,
210
, pp. 307
–357
.10.1098/rsta.1911.000932.
Richardson
,
L. F.
, and
Gaunt
,
J. A.
, 1927
, “
The Deferred Approach to the Limit
,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
,
226
, pp. 299
–361
.10.1098/rsta.1927.000833.
ANSYS Inc.
, 2013
, “
ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide
,” Release 18.2, Vol.
15317
, ANSYS,
Canonsburg, PA, pp. 373
–464
.34.
Jones
,
L. E.
,
Sandberg
,
R. D.
, and
Sandham
,
N. D.
, 2008
, “
Direct Numerical Simulations of Forced and Unforced Separation Bubbles on an Airfoil at Incidence
,” J. Fluid Mech.
,
602
, pp. 175
–207
.10.1017/S002211200800086435.
Balakumar
,
P.
, 2017
, “
Direct Numerical Simulation of Flows Over an NACA-0012 Airfoil at Low and Moderate Reynolds Numbers
,” AIAA
Paper No. 2017-3978. 10.2514/6.2017-397836.
Zerihan
,
J.
, 2001
, “
An Investigation Into the Aerodynamics of Wings in Ground Effect
,” Ph.D. dissertation,
School of Engineering Sciences
,
University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
.37.
Doig
,
G.
,
Barber
,
T. J.
, and
Neely
,
A. J.
, 2011
, “
The Influence of Compressibility on the Aerodynamics of an Inverted Wing in Ground Effect
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
,
133
(6
), p. 061102
.10.1115/1.400408438.
Chang
,
B.
,
Neill
,
M.
,
Issa
,
R.
, and
Miller
,
A.
, 2014
, “
Development of Wind Vortex Shedding Coefficients for a Multisided Cylinder Structure
,” Wind Struct.
,
18
(2
), pp. 181
–194
.10.12989/was.2014.18.2.18139.
Waqas
,
H.
,
Farooq
,
U.
,
Hassan
,
A.
,
Liu
,
D.
,
Noreen
,
S.
,
Makki
,
R.
,
Imran
,
M.
, and
Ali
,
M. R.
, 2023
, “
Numerical and Computational Simulation of Blood Flow on Hybrid Nanofluid With Heat Transfer Through a Stenotic Artery: Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
,” Results Phys.
,
44
, p. 106152
.10.1016/j.rinp.2022.10615240.
Li
,
Z.
,
Othman
,
H. A.
,
Alzubaidi
,
A. M.
,
Saad
,
H. A.
,
Zhang
,
Y.
,
Hu
,
C.
, and
Alghawli
,
A.
, 2022
, “
Heat Storage System for Air Conditioning Purpose Considering Melting in Existence of Nanoparticles
,” J. Energy Storage
,
55
(Part A
), p. 105408
.10.1016/j.est.2022.10540841.
Abidi
,
A.
,
El-Shafay
,
A. S.
,
Degani
,
M.
,
Guedri
,
K.
,
Sajadi
,
S. M.
, and
Sharifpur
,
M.
, 2022
, “
Improving the Thermal-Hydraulic Performance of Parabolic Solar Collectors Using Absorber Tubes Equipped With Perforated Twisted Tape Containing Nanofluid
,” Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess.
,
52
(Part C
), p. 102099
.10.1016/j.seta.2022.10209942.
Alqarni
,
M. M.
,
Ibrahim
,
M.
,
Assiri
,
T. A.
,
Saeed
,
T.
,
Mousa
,
A. A.
, and
Ali
,
V.
, 2023
, “
Two-Phase Simulation of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Filled With Hybrid Nanofluid
,” Eng. Anal. Boundary Elem.
,
146
, pp. 80
–88
.10.1016/j.enganabound.2022.10.00143.
El-Amin
,
M. F.
,
Al-Ghamdi
,
A.
,
Salama
,
A.
, and
Sun
,
S.
, 2015
, “
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Confined Turbulent Buoyant Jet With Variable Source
,” J. Hydrodyn., Ser. B
,
27
(6
), pp. 955
–968
.10.1016/S1001-6058(15)60558-344.
Chen
,
W.
,
Liu
,
Y.
,
Xu
,
F.
,
Li
,
H.
, and
Hu
,
H.
, 2014
, “
Suppression of Vortex Shedding From a Circular Cylinder by Using a Traveling Wave Wall
,” AIAA
Paper No. 2014-0399.10.2514/6.2014-039945.
Hiramoto
,
R.
, and
Higuchi
,
H.
, 2003
, “
Vortex Shedding Behind a Nonparallel Pair of Circular Cylinders
,” J. Fluids Struct.
,
18
(1
), pp. 131
–143
.10.1016/S0889-9746(03)00089-646.
Dipankar
,
A.
,
Sengupta
,
T. K.
, and
Talla
,
S. B.
, 2007
, “
Suppression of Vortex Shedding Behind a Circular Cylinder by Another Control Cylinder at Low Reynolds Numbers
,” J. Fluid Mech.
,
573
, pp. 171
–190
.10.1017/S002211200600382X47.
Mittal
,
S.
, and
Raghuvanshi
,
A.
, 2001
, “
Control of Vortex Shedding Behind Circular Cylinder for Flows at Low Reynolds Numbers
,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids
,
35
(4
), pp. 421
–447
.10.1002/1097-0363(20010228)35:4<421::AID-FLD100>3.0.CO;2-M48.
Koca
,
K.
,
Genç
,
M. S.
,
Açıkel
,
H. H.
,
Çağdaş
,
M.
, and
Bodur
,
T. M.
, 2018
, “
Identification of Flow Phenomena Over NACA 4412 Wind Turbine Airfoil at Low Reynolds Numbers and Role of Laminar Separation Bubble on Flow Evolution
,” Energy
,
144
, pp. 750
–764
.10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.04549.
Rahromostaqim
,
M.
,
Posa
,
A.
, and
Balaras
,
E.
, 2016
, “
Numerical Investigation of the Performance of Pitching Airfoils at High Amplitudes
,” AIAA J.
,
54
(8
), pp. 2221
–2232
.10.2514/1.J05442450.
Posa
,
A.
, 2021
, “
Secondary Flows in the Wake of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine of Solidity 0.5 Working at a Tip Speed Ratio of 2.2
,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
,
213
, p. 104621
.10.1016/j.jweia.2021.10462151.
Kim
,
T. Y.
,
Lee
,
B. S.
,
Ku
,
Y. C.
,
Lee
,
D. H.
, and
Kohama
,
Y.
, 2006
, “
The Enhancement of Aerodynamic Characteristics on Bluff Bodies Near a Moving Ground
,” JSME Int. J., Ser. B
,
49
(3
), pp. 787
–796
.10.1299/jsmeb.49.78752.
Bimbato
,
A. M.
,
Alcântara Pereira
,
L. A.
, and
Hirata
,
M. H.
, 2011
, “
Study of the Vortex Shedding Flow Around a Body Near a Moving Ground
,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
,
99
(1
), pp. 7
–17
.10.1016/j.jweia.2010.10.00353.
Mulleners
,
K.
, and
Rütten
,
M.
, 2018
, “
Analysis of Intermittent Trailing-Edge Vortex Shedding Using Recurrence Plots
,” AIAA J.
,
56
(2
), pp. 571
–580
.10.2514/1.J056329Copyright © 2024 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
