This paper presents laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements within the runner blade channels and at the runner outlet of a Kaplan turbine model. The model was investigated at six operating points located on two propeller curves of the turbine to study the flow condition during on-cam and off-cam operations. Main and secondary flows within and after the runner were analyzed, and the effects of the hub and tip clearances on the velocity fields within and after the runner were evaluated. Operation of the turbine at flow rates that are lower than the designed rate for the corresponding propeller curve resulted in vortex breakdown and the formation of a rotating vortex rope (RVR). The RVR formation produced an asymmetrical velocity distribution within and after the runner. The results demonstrated the occurrence of an oscillating flow with the same frequency as the vortex rope within the blade channels located upstream of the RVR. This results in an asymmetric flow through the runner and oscillating forces on the runner blades. The measured velocities indicated that the geometrical asymmetries in the runner manufacturing process resulted in various flow asymmetries at the measured sections. The asymmetries were up to 3% within the runner and 7% at the runner outlet.
Issue Section:
Flows in Complex Systems
References
1.
Bradshaw
, P.
, 1996
, “Turbulence Modeling With Application to Turbomachinery
,” Prog. Aerosp. Sci.
, 32
(6
), pp. 575
–624
.2.
Langston
, L. S.
, 2001
, “Secondary Flows in Axial Turbines: A Review
,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
, 934
(1
), pp. 11
–26
.3.
Pitdiwala
, U. J.
, Patel
, H. C.
, and Parmar
, P. K.
, 2014
, “A Review on Tip Clearance Flow and Secondary Flow Losses in Linear Turbine Cascade
,” J. Mech. Civil Eng.
, 11
(3
), pp. 33
–37
.4.
Sjolander
, S. A.
, and Amrud
, K. K.
, 1987
, “Effects of Tip Clearance on Blade Loading in a Planar Cascade of Turbine Blades
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 109
(2
), pp. 237
–244
.5.
Dreyer
, M.
, Decaix
, J.
, Münch-Alligné
, C.
, and Farhat
, M.
, 2014
, “Mind the Gap: A New Insight Into the Tip Leakage Vortex Using Stereo-PIV
,” Exp. Fluids
, 55
(1849
), pp. 1
–13
.6.
Yaras
, M. I.
, and Sjolander
, S. A.
, 1992
, “Effects of Simulated Rotation on Tip Leakage in a Planar Cascade of Turbine Blades—Part I: Tip Gap Flow
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 114
(3
), pp. 652
–659
.7.
Yaras
, M. I.
, and Sjolander
, S. A.
, 1992
, “Effects of Simulated Rotation on Tip Leakage in a Planar Cascade of Turbine Blades: Part II—Downstream Flow Field and Blade Loading
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 114
(3
), pp. 660
–667
.8.
Graham
, J. A. H.
, 1986
, “Investigation of a Tip Clearance Cascade in a Water Analogy Rig
,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power
, 108
(1
), pp. 38
–46
.9.
Yamamoto
, A.
, Tominaga
, J.
, Matsuunuma
, T.
, and Outa
, E.
, 1994
, “Detailed Measurements of Three-Dimensional Flows and Losses Inside an Axial Flow Turbine Rotor
,” ASME
Paper No. 94-GT-348.10.
Yamamoto
, A.
, Matsuunuma
, T.
, and Outa
, E.
, 1994
, “Unsteady Endwall/Tip-Clearance Flows and Losses Due to Turbine Rotor–Stator Interaction
,” ASME
Paper No. 94-GT-461.11.
McCarter
, A. A.
, Xiao
, X.
, and Lakshminarayana
, B.
, 2001
, “Tip Clearance Effects in a Turbine Rotor. Part II: Velocity Field and Flow Physics
,” ASME J. Turbomach.
, 123
(2
), pp. 305
–313
.12.
Wu
, H.
, Miorini
, R. L.
, and Katz
, J.
, 2011
, “Measurements of the Tip Leakage Vortex Structures and Turbulence in the Meridional Plane of an Axial Water-Jet Pump
,” Exp. Fluids
, 50
(4
), pp. 989
–1003
.13.
Nishi
, M.
, Matsunaga
, S.
, Okamoto
, M.
, Uno
, M.
, and Nishitani
, K.
, 1988
, “Measurements of Three-Dimensional Periodic Flow in a Conical Draft Tube at Surging Condition
,” Flows in Non-Rotating Turbomachinery Components, FED, 69
, pp. 81–88.14.
Jonsson
, P. P.
, Mulu
, B. G.
, and Cervantes
, M. J.
, 2012
, “Experimental Investigation of a Kaplan Draft Tube—Part II: Off-Design Conditions
,” Appl. Energy
, 94
, pp. 71
–83
.15.
Nishi
, M.
, Matsunaga
, S.
, Kubota
, S.
, and Senoo
, Y.
, 1982
, “Flow Regimes in an Elbow-Type Draft Tube
,” 11th IAHR Symposium
, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Paper No. 38, pp. 1–13.16.
Rheingans
, W. J.
, 1940
, “Power Swings in Hydroelectric Power Plants
,” Trans. ASME
, 62
(3
), pp. 171
–184
.17.
Iliescu
, M. S.
, Ciocan
, G. D.
, and Avellan
, F.
, 2008
, “Analysis of the Cavitating Draft Tube Vortex in a Francis Turbine Using Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements in Two-Phase Flow
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 130
(2
), p. 021105
.18.
Amiri
, K.
, Cervantes
, M. J.
, and Mulu
, B.
, “Experimental Investigation of the Hydraulic Loads on a Kaplan Turbine Runner Model and Corresponding Prototype
,” J. Hydraul. Res.
(published online).19.
Papillon
, B.
, Sabourin
, M.
, Couston
, M.
, and Deschenes
, C.
, 2002
, “Methods for Air Admission in Hydro Turbines
,” 21st IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Lausanne, Switzerland, pp. 1–6.20.
Thicke
, R. H.
, 1981
, “Practical Solutions for Draft Tube Instability
,” Int. Water Power Dam Constr.
, 33
(2
), pp. 31
–37
.21.
Kjeldsen
, M.
, Olsen
, K.
, Nielsen
, T.
, and Dahlhaug
, O.
, 2006
, “Water Injection for the Mitigation of Draft Tube Pressure Pulsations
,” IAHR International Meeting of the Workgroup on Cavitation and Dynamic Problems in Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Barcelona, Spain, pp. 1–11.22.
Miyagawa
, K.
, Sano
, T.
, Kunimatsu
, N.
, Aki
, T.
, and Nishi
, M.
, 2006
, “Flow Instability With Auxiliary Parts in High Head Pump—Turbines
,” 23rd IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Yokohama, Japan, Paper No. F307.23.
Vekve
, T.
, 2004
, “An Experimental Investigation of Draft Tube Flow
,” Ph.D. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.24.
Kurokawa
, J.
, Kajigaya
, A.
, Matusi
, J.
, and Imamura
, H.
, 2000
, “Suppression of Swirl in a Conical Diffuser by Use of J-Groove
,” 20th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Charlotte, NC, Paper No. DY-01, pp. 1–10.25.
Bosioc
, A. L.
, Susan-Resiga
, R.
, Muntean
, S.
, and Tanasa
, C.
, 2012
, “Unsteady Pressure Analysis of a Swirling Flow With Vortex Rope and Axial Water Injection in a Discharge Cone
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 134
(8
), p. 081104
.26.
Nishi
, M.
, and Liu
, S.
, 2013
, “An Outlook on the Draft-Tube-Surge Study
,” Int. J. Fluid Mach. Syst.
, 6
(1
), pp. 33
–48
.27.
Farhat
, M.
, Avellan
, F.
, and Seidel
, U.
, 2002
, “Pressure Fluctuation Measurements in Hydro Turbine Models
,” 9th International Symposium on Transport Phenomena and Dynamics of Rotating Machinery
, Honolulu, HI, pp. 1–6.28.
Kobro
, E.
, 2010
, “Measurement of Pressure Pulsation in Francis Turbines
,” Ph.D. thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.29.
Trivedi
, C.
, Cervantes
, M. J.
, Gandhi
, B. K.
, and Dahlhaug
, O. G.
, 2013
, “Experimental and Numerical Studies for a High Head Francis Turbine at several Operating Points
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 135
(11
), p. 111102
.30.
Trivedi
, C.
, Cervantes
, M. J.
, Gandhi
, B. K.
, and Dahlhaug
, O. G.
, 2014
, “Experimental Investigations of Transient Pressure Variations in a High Head Model Francis Turbine During Start-Up and Shutdown
,” J. Hydrodyn.
, 26
(2
), pp. 277
–290
.31.
Houde
, S.
, Fraser
, R.
, Ciocan
, G.
, and Deschênes
, C.
, 2012
, “Part 1—Experimental Study of the Pressure Fluctuations on Propeller Turbine Runner Blades During Steady-State Operation
,” 26th IAHR
Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Beijing, Paper No. 022004.32.
Houde
, S.
, Fraser
, R.
, Ciocan
, G.
, and Deschênes
, C.
, 2012
, “Experimental Study of the Pressure Fluctuations on Propeller Turbine Runner Blades: Part 2, Transient Conditions
,” Earth Environ. Sci.
, 15
, p. 062061
.33.
Amiri
, K.
, 2014
, “An Experimental Investigation of Flow in a Kaplan Runner: Steady-State and Transient
,” Licentiate thesis, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.34.
Ciocan
, G. D.
, Avellan
, F.
, and Kueny
, J. L.
, 2000
, “Optical Measurement Techniques for Experimental Analysis of Hydraulic Turbines Rotor–Stator Interaction
,” ASME Paper No. FEDSM2000-11056.35.
Iliescu
, M. S.
, Ciocan
, G. D.
, and Avellan
, F.
, 2002
, “3D PIV and LDV Measurements at the Outlet of a Francis Turbine Draft Tube
,” ASME
Paper No. FEDSM2002-31332.36.
Susan-Resiga
, R.
, Ciocan
, G. D.
, Anton
, L.
, and Avellan
, F.
, 2006
, “Analysis of the Swirling Flow Downstream a Francis Turbine Runner
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 128
(1
), pp. 177
–189
.37.
Gagnon
, J. M.
, Deschenes
, C.
, Ciocan
, G. D.
, and Iliescu
, M.
, 2008
, “Numerical Simulation and Experimental Investigation of the Flow in an Axial Turbine
,” 24th IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Foz Do Iguassu, Brazil, Paper No. IAHR 096.38.
Gagnon
, J. M.
, Aeschlimann
, V.
, Houde
, S.
, Flemming
, F.
, Coulson
, S.
, and Deschenes
, C.
, 2012
, “Experimental Investigation of Draft Tube Inlet Velocity Field of a Propeller Turbine
,” ASME J. Fluids Eng.
, 134
(10
), p. 101102
.39.
Gouin
, P.
, Deschenes
, C.
, Iliescu
, M.
, and Ciocan
, G. D.
, 2009
, “Experimental Investigation of Draft Tube Flow of an Axial Turbine by Laser Doppler Velocimetry
,” 3rd IAHR International Meeting of the Workgroup on Cavitation and Dynamic Problems in Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 87–97.40.
Mulu
, B.
, 2012
, “An Experimental and Numerical Investigation of a Kaplan Turbine Model
,” Ph.D. thesis, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.41.
Mulu
, B. G.
, Jonsson
, P. P.
, and Cervantes
, M. J.
, 2012
, “Experimental Investigation of a Kaplan Draft Tube—Part I: Best Efficiency Point
,” Appl. Energy
, 93
, pp. 695
–706
.42.
Jonsson
, P.
, 2011
, “Flow and Pressure Measurements in Low-Head Hydraulic Turbines
,” Ph.D. thesis, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.43.
Müller
, A.
, Bullani
, A.
, Dreyer
, M.
, Roth
, S.
, Favrel
, A.
, Landry
, C.
, and Avellan
, F.
, 2012
, “Interaction of a Pulsating Vortex Rope With the Local Velocity Field in a Francis Turbine Draft Tube
,” 26th IAHR
Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems
, Beijing, Paper No. 032040.44.
Aeschlimann
, V.
, Beaulieu
, S.
, Houde
, S.
, Ciocan
, G.
, and Deschênes
, C.
, 2013
, “Inter-Blade Flow Analysis of a Propeller Turbine Runner Using Stereoscopic PIV
,” Eur. J. Mech. B
, 42
, pp. 121
–128
.45.
Lemay
, S.
, Aeschlimann
, V.
, Fraser
, R.
, Fraser
, R.
, Ciocan
, G. D.
, and Deschênes
, C.
, 2015
, “Velocity Field Investigation Inside a Bulb Turbine Runner Using Endoscopic PIV Measurements
,” Exp. Fluids
, 56
(6
), p. 120.46.
Mulu
, B. G.
, Cervantes
, M. J.
, Devals
, C.
, Vu
, T. C.
, and Guibault
, F.
, “Simulation-Based Investigation of Unsteady Flow in Near-Hub Region of a Kaplan Turbine With Experimental Comparison
,” Eng. Appl. Comput. Fluid Mech.
, 9
(1), pp. 139–156.47.
Marcinkiewicz
, J.
, and Svensson
, L.
, 1994
, “Modification of the Spiral Casing Geometry in the Neighbourhood of the Guide Vanes and Its Influence on the Efficiency of a Kaplan Turbine
,” XVII Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Cavitation
, Beijing, pp. 429–434.48.
George
, W. K.
, 1975
, “Limitations to Measuring Accuracy Inherent in the Laser Doppler Signal
,” Proceedings of the LDA-Symposium
, Denmark, Copenhagen, pp. 20–63.49.
Zhang
, Z.
, Eisele
, K.
, and Hirt
, K.
, 1997
, “The Influence of Phase-Averaging Window Size on Determination of Turbulence Quantities in Unsteady Turbulent Flows
,” Exp. Fluids
, 22
(3
), pp. 265
–267
.50.
Glas
, W.
, Forstner
, M.
, Kuhn
, K.
, and Jaberg
, H.
, 2000
, “Smoothing and Statistical Evaluation of Laser Doppler Velocimetry Data of Turbulent Flows in Rotating and Reciprocating Machinery
,” Exp. Fluids
, 29
(5
), pp. 411
–417
.51.
Nicolle
, J.
, Labbe
, P.
, Gauthier
, M.
, and Lussier
, M.
, 2010
, “Impact of Blade Geometry Differences for the CFD Performance Analysis of Existing Turbines
,” IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
, Timisoara, Romania, Paper No. 012028.52.
Vu
, T. C.
, Koller
, M.
, Gauthier
, M.
, and Deschenes
, C.
, 2010
, “Flow Simulation and Efficiency Hill Chart Prediction for a Propeller Turbine
,” IOP
Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
, Timisoara, Romania, Paper No. 012040.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
