Abstract
The minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is one of the critical parameters needed in the successful design of a miscible gas injection for enhanced oil recovery purposes. In this study, we explore the capability of using the Gaussian process machine learning (GPML) approach, for accurate prediction of this vital property in both pure and impure CO2-injection streams. We first performed a sensitivity analysis of different kernels and then a comparative analysis with other techniques. The new GPML model, when compared with previously published predictive models, including both correlations and other machine learning (ML)/intelligent models, showed superior performance with the highest correlation coefficient and the lowest error metrics.
References
1.
Ampomah
, W.
, Balch
, R.
, Cather
, M.
, Rose-Coss
, D.
, Dai
, Z.
, Heath
, J.
, Dewers
, T.
, and Mozley
, P.
, 2016
, “Evaluation of CO2 Storage Mechanisms in CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery Sites: Application to Morrow Sandstone Reservoir
,” Energy Fuels
, 30
(10
), pp. 8545
–8555
. 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b018882.
Jessen
, K.
, Kovscek
, A. R.
, and Orr
, F. M.
, 2005
, “Increasing CO2 Storage in Oil Recovery
,” Energy Convers. Manage.
, 46
(2
), pp. 293
–311
. 10.1016/j.enconman.2004.02.0193.
Dai
, Z.
, Middleton
, R.
, Viswanathan
, H.
, Fessenden-Rahn
, J.
, Bauman
, J.
, Pawar
, R.
, Lee
, S.-Y.
, and McPherson
, B.
, 2014
, “An Integrated Framework for Optimizing CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced Oil Recovery
,” Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.
, 1
(1
), pp. 49
–54
. 10.1021/ez40010334.
Feng
, Q.
, Cui
, R.
, Wang
, S.
, Zhang
, J.
, and Jiang
, Z.
, 2019
, “Estimation of CO2 Diffusivity in Brine by Use of the Genetic Algorithm and Mixed Kernels-Based Support Vector Machine Model
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 141
(4
), p. 041001
. 10.1115/1.40417245.
Jaubert
, J.-N.
, Avaullee
, L.
, and Pierre
, C.
, 2002
, “Is it Still Necessary to Measure the Minimum Miscibility Pressure?
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
, 41
(2
), pp. 303
–310
. 10.1021/ie010485f6.
Johns
, R. T.
, Dindoruk
, B.
, and Orr
, F. M.
, 1993
, “Analytical Theory of Combined Condensing/Vaporizing Gas Drives
,” SPE Adv. Technol. Ser.
, 1
(2
), pp. 7
–16
. 10.2118/24112-PA7.
Orr
, F. M.
, 2007
, Theory of Gas Injection Processes
, Tie-Line Publications
, Copenhagen
.8.
Orr
, F. M.
, and Jensen
, C. M.
, 1984
, “Interpretation of Pressure-Composition Phase Diagrams for CO2/Crude-Oil Systems
,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
, 24
(5
), pp. 485
–497
. 10.2118/11125-PA9.
Zick
, A. A.
, 1986
, “A Combined Condensing/Vaporizing Mechanism in the Displacement of Oil by Enriched Gases
,” SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
, New Orleans, LA
, Oct. 5–8
, Society of Petroleum Engineers
.10.
Dong
, M.
, Huang
, S.
, Dyer
, S. B.
, and Mourits
, F. M.
, 2001
, “A Comparison of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure Determinations for Weyburn Crude Oil
,” J. Pet. Sci. Eng.
, 31
(1
), pp. 13
–22
. 10.1016/S0920-4105(01)00135-811.
Jarrell
, P. M.
, Fox
, C. E.
, Stein
, M. H.
, and Webb
, S.
, 2002
, Practical Aspects of CO2 Flooding
, Vol. 22
, Society of Petroleum Engineers
, Richardson, TX
.12.
Li
, A.
, Ren
, X.
, Fu
, S.
, Lv
, J.
, Li
, X.
, Liu
, Y.
, and Lu
, Y.
, 2018
, “The Experimental Study on the Flooding Regularities of Various CO2 Flooding Modes Implemented on Ultralow Permeability Cores
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 140
(7
), p. 072902
. http://dx.doi/org/10.1115/1.403931913.
Rao
, D. N.
, Girard
, M.
, and Sayegh
, S. G.
, 1989
, “Interfacial Phenomena in Miscible Gas Processes
,” SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
, San Antonio, TX
, Oct. 8–11
.14.
Rao
, D. N.
, 1997
, “A New Technique of Vanishing Interfacial Tension for Miscibility Determination
,” Fluid Phase Equilib.
, 139
(1–2
), pp. 311
–324
. 10.1016/S0378-3812(97)00180-515.
Christiansen
, R. L.
, and Haines
, H. K.
, 1987
, “Rapid Measurement of Minimum Miscibility Pressure With the Rising-Bubble Apparatus
,” SPE Reservoir. Eng.
, 2
(4
), pp. 523
–527
. 10.2118/13114-PA16.
Elsharkawy
, A. M.
, Poettmann
, F. H.
, and Christiansen
, R. L.
, 1996
, “Measuring CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressures: Slim-Tube or Rising-Bubble Method?
,” Energy Fuels
, 10
(2
), pp. 443
–449
. 10.1021/ef940212f17.
Johns
, R. T.
, Sah
, P.
, and Solano
, R.
, 2002
, “Effect of Dispersion on Local Displacement Efficiency for Multicomponent Enriched-Gas Floods Above the Minimum Miscibility Enrichment
,” SPE Reservoir. Eval. Eng.
, 5
(1
), pp. 4
–10
. 10.2118/75806-PA18.
Metcalfe
, R. S.
, Fussell
, D. D.
, and Shelton
, J. L.
, 1973
, “A Multicell Equilibrium Separation Model for the Study of Multiple Contact Miscibility in Rich-Gas Drives
,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
, 13
(3
), pp. 147
–155
. 10.2118/3995-PA19.
Neau
, E.
, Avaullée
, L.
, and Jaubert
, J. N.
, 1996
, “A New Algorithm for Enhanced Oil Recovery Calculations
,” Fluid Phase Equilib.
, 117
(1–2
), pp. 265
–272
. 10.1016/0378-3812(95)02962-120.
Buckley
, S. E.
, and Leverett
, M. C.
, 1942
, “Mechanism of Fluid Displacement in Sands
,” Trans. AIME
, 146
(1
), pp. 107
–116
. 10.2118/942107-G21.
Helfferich
, F. G.
, 1986
, “Theory of Multicomponent Chromatography a State-of-the-Art Report
,” J. Chromatogr. A
, 373
(1
), pp. 45
–60
. 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)80207-122.
Wang
, Y.
, and Orr
, F. M.
, 1997
, “Analytical Calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure
,” Fluid Phase Equilib.
, 139
(1–2
), pp. 101
–124
. 10.1016/S0378-3812(97)00179-923.
Johns
, R. T.
, and Orr
, F. M.
, 1996
, “Miscible Gas Displacement of Multicomponent Oils
,” SPE J.
, 1
(1
), pp. 39
–50
. 10.2118/30798-PA24.
Jessen
, K.
, Michelsen
, M. L.
, and Stenby
, E. H.
, 1998
, “Global Approach for Calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure
,” Fluid Phase Equilib.
, 153
(2
), pp. 251
–263
. 10.1016/S0378-3812(98)00414-225.
Yuan
, H.
, and Johns
, R. T.
, 2005
, “Simplified Method for Calculation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure or Enrichment
,” SPE J.
, 10
(4
), pp. 416
–425
. 10.2118/77381-PA26.
Holm
, L. W.
, and Josendal
, V. A.
, 1974
, “Mechanisms of Oil Displacement by Carbon Dioxide
,” J. Pet. Technol.
, 26
(12
), pp. 1427
–1438
. 10.2118/4736-PA27.
Benham
, A. L.
, Dowden
, W. E.
, and Kunzman
, W.
, 1960
, “Miscible Fluid Displacement-Prediction of Miscibility
,” Trans. AIME
, 219
(1
), pp. 229
–237
. 10.2118/1484-G28.
Mungan
, N.
, 1981
, “Carbon Dioxide Flooding-Fundamentals
,” J. Can. Pet. Technol.
, 20
(1
), pp. 88
–89
. 10.2118/81-01-0329.
Lee
, J. I.
, 1979
, Research Report RR-40, Petroleum Recovery Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
.30.
Yellig
, W. F.
, and Metcalfe
, R. S.
, 1980
, “Determination and Prediction of CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressures (Includes Associated Paper 8876)
,” J. Pet. Technol.
, 32
(1
), pp. 160
–168
. 10.2118/7477-PA31.
Johnson
, J. P.
, and Pollin
, J. S.
, 1981
, “Measurement and Correlation of CO2 Miscibility Pressures
,” SPE/DOE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium
, Tulsa, OK
, Apr. 5–8
, Society of Petroleum Engineers
.32.
Alston
, R. B.
, Kokolis
, G. P.
, and James
, C. F.
, 1985
, “CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure: A Correlation for Impure CO2 Streams and Live Oil Systems
,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
, 25
(2
), pp. 268
–274
. 10.2118/11959-PA33.
Sebastian
, H. M.
, Wenger
, R. S.
, and Renner
, T. A.
, 1985
, “Correlation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure for Impure CO2 Streams
,” J. Pet. Technol.
, 37
(11
), pp. 2076
–2082
. 10.2118/12648-PA34.
Stalkup
, L. K.
, 1983
, “RTD 2(1) Oil Recovery by Miscible Displacement
,” 11th World Petroleum Congress
, London
, Aug. 28–Sept. 2
.35.
Glaso
, O.
, 1985
, “Generalized Minimum Miscibility Pressure Correlation (Includes Associated Papers 15845 and 16287)
,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
, 25
(6
), pp. 927
–934
. 10.2118/12893-PA36.
Enick
, R. M.
, Holder
, G. D.
, and Morsi
, B. I.
, 1988
, “A Thermodynamic Correlation for the Minimum Miscibility Pressure in CO2 Flooding of Petroleum Reservoirs
,” SPE Reservoir. Eng.
, 3
(1
), pp. 81
–92
. 10.2118/14518-PA37.
Nasrifar
, K.
, and Moshfeghian
, M.
, 2001
, “A New Cubic Equation of State for Simple Fluids: Pure and Mixture
,” Fluid Phase Equilib.
, 190
(1–2
), pp. 73
–88
. 10.1016/S0378-3812(01)00592-138.
Nasrifar
, K.
, and Moshfeghian
, M.
, 2002
, “Liquid–Liquid Equilibria of Water–Hydrocarbon Systems From Cubic Equations of State
,” Fluid Phase Equilib.
, 193
(1–2
), pp. 261
–275
. 10.1016/S0378-3812(01)00743-939.
Nasrifar
, K.
, and Moshfeghian
, M.
, 2004
, “Application of an Improved Equation of State to Reservoir Fluids: Computation of Minimum Miscibility Pressure
,” J. Pet. Sci. Eng.
, 42
(2–4
), pp. 223
–234
. 10.1016/j.petrol.2003.12.01340.
Shokir
, E. M. E.-M.
, 2007
, “CO2–Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure Model for Impure and Pure CO2 Streams
,” J. Pet. Sci. Eng.
, 58
(1–2
), pp. 173
–185
. 10.1016/j.petrol.2006.12.00141.
Cronquist
, C.
, 1978
, “Carbon Dioxide Dynamic Displacement With Light Reservoir Oils
,” Fourth Annual U.S. DOE Symposium
, Tulsa, OK
, Aug. 28–30
, pp. 18
–23
.42.
Kovarik
, F. S.
, 1985
, “A Minimum Miscibility Pressure Study Using Impure CO2 and West Texas Oil Systems: Data Base, Correlations, and Compositional Simulation
,” SPE Production Technology Symposium
, Lubbock, TX
, Nov. 11–12
, Society of Petroleum Engineers
.43.
Eakin
, B. E.
, and Mitch
, F. J.
, 1988
, “Measurement and Correlation of Miscibility Pressures of Reservoir Oils
,” SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition
, Houston, TX
, Oct. 2–5
, Society of Petroleum Engineers.44.
Dong
, M.
, 1999
, Task 3 — Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) Studies, in the Technical Report: Potential of Greenhouse Storage and Utilization through Enhanced Oil Recovery, Saskatchewan, Canada
.45.
Huang
, Y. F.
, Huang
, G. H.
, Dong
, M. Z.
, and Feng
, G. M.
, 2003
, “Development of an Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting Minimum Miscibility Pressure in CO2 Flooding
,” J. Pet. Sci. Eng.
, 37
(1–2
), pp. 83
–95
. 10.1016/S0920-4105(02)00312-146.
Emera
, M. K.
, and Sarma
, H. K.
, 2005
, “Use of Genetic Algorithm to Estimate CO2–Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure—a Key Parameter in Design of CO2 Miscible Flood
,” J. Pet. Sci. Eng.
, 46
(1–2
), pp. 37
–52
. 10.1016/j.petrol.2004.10.00147.
Shokrollahi
, A.
, Arabloo
, M.
, Gharagheizi
, F.
, and Mohammadi
, A. H.
, 2013
, “Intelligent Model for Prediction of CO2—Reservoir Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure
,” Fuel
, 112
(1
), pp. 375
–384
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.03648.
Rezaei
, M.
, Eftekhari
, M.
, Schaffie
, M.
, and Ranjbar
, M.
, 2013
, “A CO2-Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure Model Based on Multi-Gene Genetic Programming
,” Energy Explor. Exploit.
, 31
(4
), pp. 607
–622
. 10.1260/0144-5987.31.4.60749.
Kamari
, A.
, Arabloo
, M.
, Shokrollahi
, A.
, Gharagheizi
, F.
, and Mohammadi
, A. H.
, 2015
, “Rapid Method to Estimate the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) in Live Reservoir Oil Systems During CO2 Flooding
,” Fuel
, 153
(1
), pp. 310
–319
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.08750.
Tatar
, A.
, Shokrollahi
, A.
, Mesbah
, M.
, Rashid
, S.
, Arabloo
, M.
, and Bahadori
, A.
, 2013
, “Implementing Radial Basis Function Networks for Modeling CO2-Reservoir Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure
,” J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng.
, 15
(1
), pp. 82
–92
. 10.1016/j.jngse.2013.09.00851.
Chen
, G.
, Fu
, K.
, Liang
, Z.
, Sema
, T.
, Li
, C.
, Tontiwachwuthikul
, P.
, and Idem
, R.
, 2014
, “The Genetic Algorithm Based Back Propagation Neural Network for MMP Prediction in CO2-EOR Process
,” Fuel
, 126
(1
), pp. 202
–212
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.02.03452.
Hemmati-Sarapardeh
, A.
, Ghazanfari
, M.-H.
, Ayatollahi
, S.
, and Masihi
, M.
, 2016
, “Accurate Determination of the CO2-Crude Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure of Pure and Impure CO2 Streams: A Robust Modelling Approach
,” Can. J. Chem. Eng.
, 94
(2
), pp. 253
–261
. 10.1002/cjce.2238753.
Zhong
, Z.
, and Carr
, T. R.
, 2016
, “Application of Mixed Kernels Function (MKF) Based Support Vector Regression Model (SVR) for CO2—Reservoir Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure Prediction
,” Fuel
, 184
(1
), pp. 590
–603
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.03054.
Zendehboudi
, S.
, Ahmadi
, M. A.
, Bahadori
, A.
, Shafiei
, A.
, and Babadagli
, T.
, 2013
, “A Developed Smart Technique to Predict Minimum Miscible Pressure-EOR Implications
,” Can. J. Chem. Eng.
, 91
(7
), pp. 1325
–1337
. 10.1002/cjce.2180255.
Sayyad
, H.
, Manshad
, A. K.
, and Rostami
, H.
, 2014
, “Application of Hybrid Neural Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Prediction of MMP
,” Fuel
, 116
(1
), pp. 625
–633
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.07656.
Karkevandi-Talkhooncheh
, A.
, Hajirezaie
, S.
, Hemmati-Sarapardeh
, A.
, Husein
, M. M.
, Karan
, K.
, and Sharifi
, M.
, 2017
, “Application of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System Optimized with Evolutionary Algorithms for Modeling CO2-Crude Oil Minimum Miscibility Pressure
,” Fuel
, 205
(1
), pp. 34
–45
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.05.02657.
Karkevandi-Talkhooncheh
, A.
, Rostami
, A.
, Hemmati-Sarapardeh
, A.
, Ahmadi
, M.
, Husein
, M. M.
, and Dabir
, B.
, 2018
, “Modeling Minimum Miscibility Pressure During Pure and Impure CO2 Flooding Using Hybrid of Radial Basis Function Neural Network and Evolutionary Techniques
,” Fuel
, 220
(1
), pp. 270
–282
. 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.01.10158.
Matheron
, G.
, 1973
, “The Intrinsic Random Functions and Their Applications
,” Adv. Appl. Probab.
, 5
(3
), pp. 439
–468
. 10.2307/142582959.
Journel
, A. G.
, and Huijbregts
, C. J.
, 1978
, Mining Geostatistics
, Academic Press
, London, UK
.60.
61.
Schulz
, E.
, Speekenbrink
, M.
, and Krause
, A.
, 2018
, “A Tutorial on Gaussian Process Regression: Modelling, Exploring, and Exploiting Functions
,” J. Math. Psychol.
, 85
(1
), pp. 1
–16
. 10.1016/j.jmp.2018.03.00162.
Metcalfe
, R.
, 1982
, “Effects of Impurities on Minimum Miscibility Pressures and Minimum Enrichment Levels for CO2 and Rich-Gas Displacements
,” Soc. Pet. Eng. J.
, 22
(2
), pp. 219
–225
. 10.2118/9230-PA63.
Thakur
, G. C.
, Lin
, C. J.
, and Patel
, Y. R.
, 1984
, “CO2 Minitest, Little Knife Field, ND: A Case History
,” SPE Enhanced Oil Recovery Symposium
, Tulsa, OK
, Apr. 15–18
, Society of Petroleum Engineers.64.
Gharbi
, R. B.
, and Elsharkawy
, A. M.
, 1997
, “Neural Network Model for Estimating The PVT Properties of Middle East Crude Oils
,” Middle East Oil Show and Conference
, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
, Apr. 14–16
, Society of Petroleum Engineers.65.
Bon
, J.
, Emera
, M. K.
, and Sarma
, H. K.
, 2006
, “An Experimental Study and Genetic Algorithm (GA) Correlation to Explore the Effect of NC5 on Impure CO2 Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP)
,” SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition
, Adelaide, Australia
, Sept. 11–13
, Society of Petroleum Engineers.66.
Rathmell
, J. J.
, Stalkup
, F. I.
, and Hassinger
, R. C.
, 1971
, “A Laboratory Investigation of Miscible Displacement by Carbon Dioxide
,” Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME
, New Orleans, LA
, Oct. 3–6
, Society of Petroleum Engineers.67.
Harmon
, R. A.
, and Grigg
, R. B.
, 1988
, “Vapor-Density Measurement for Estimating Minimum Miscibility Pressure(Includes Associated Papers 19118 and 19500)
,” SPE Reservoir. Eng.
, 3
(4
), pp. 1215
–1220
. 10.2118/15403-PA68.
Jacobson
, H. A.
, 1972
, “Acid Gases and Their Contribution to Miscibility
,” J. Can. Pet. Technol.
, 11
(2
), pp. 57
–58
. 10.2118/72-02-0369.
Graue
, D. J.
, and Zana
, E. T.
, 1981
, “Study of a Possible CO2 Flood in Rangely Field
,” J. Pet. Technol.
, 33
(7
), pp. 1312
–1318
. 10.2118/7060-PA70.
O’Hagan
, A.
, 1978
, “Curve Fitting and Optimal Design for Prediction
,” J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol.
, 40
(1
), pp. 1
–24
.71.
Rasmussen
, C. E.
, and Williams
, C. K. I.
, 2006
, Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning
, MIT Press
, Cambridge, MA
.72.
Rasmussen
, C. E.
, 1996
, Evaluation of Gaussian Processes and Other Methods for Non-Linear Regression
, University of Toronto
, Toronto
.73.
Seeger
, M.
, 2004
, “Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning
,” Int. J. Neural Syst.
, 14
(2
), pp. 69
–106
. 10.1142/S012906570400189974.
Neal
, R. M.
,1997
, Monte Carlo Implementation of Gaussian Process Models for Bayesian Regression and Classification, Technical Report No. 9702, Department of Statistics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
.Copyright © 2020 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.