This study analyzes the feasibility of placing modified exercise equipment in public places to enable human energy harnessing. By assessing the impacts as a system-level synthesis of economic, environmental, productivity, and health benefits, it is shown that introducing human-powered equipment (HPE) in public places would be feasible and beneficial both to society in general and to the specific stakeholders investing in this technology. This study develops a framework to evaluate applications of this technology using benefits to costs analyses. The benefits and challenges for successful implementation of HPE technology are also presented and evaluated in various case studies involving public places at airports and schools.
Issue Section:
Alternative Energy Sources
References
1.
Clarke
, V.
, 2004
, “Students? Global Awareness and Attitudes to Internationalism in a World of Cultural Convergence
,” J. Res. Int. Educ.
, 3
(1
), pp. 51
–70
.2.
Smith
, M. B.
, and Laurie
, N.
, 2011
, “International Volunteering and Development: Global Citizenship and Neoliberal Professionalisation Today
,” Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr.
, 36
(4
), pp. 545
–559
.3.
Rush
, M.
, Newman
, D.
, and Wallace
, D.
, 2007
, “Project-Based Learning in First Year Engineering Curricula: Course Development and Student Experiences in Two New Classes at MIT
,” International Conference on Engineering Education
(ICEE
), Coimbra, Portugal, Sept. 3–7, Paper No. 616.4.
Dean
, T.
, 2013
, The Human-Powered Home: Choosing Muscles Over Motors
, New Society Publishers
, Gabriola Island, BC, Canada.5.
Brøgger
, A. W.
, and Shetelig
, H.
, 1971
, The Viking Ships; Their Ancestry and Evolution
, Twayne Publishers
, London.6.
Lynch
, A. J.
, and Rowland
, C. A.
, 2005
, The History of Grinding
, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration
, Littleton, CO.7.
Starner
, T.
, and Paradiso
, J. A.
, 2004
, “Human Generated Power for Mobile Electronics
,” Low Power Electronics Design
, Vol. 45
, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 1
–35
.8.
Holmes
, J. H.
, 1981
, “TV Energized by Exercise Cycle
,” U.S. Patent No. 4,298,893
.9.
Brito
, N.
, Ribeiro
, L.
, and Esteves
, J. S.
, 2006
, “Electric Power Generating Bicycle
,” 3rd International Conference on Hands-On Science
(HSCI), Braga, Portugal, Sept. 4–9, pp. 354–356.10.
Haji
, M. N.
, Lau
, K.
, and Agogino
, A. M.
, 2010
, “Human Power Generation in Fitness Facilities
,” ASME
Paper No. ES2010-90195.11.
Pelz
, B.
, and Feiereisen, J., 2010
, “Bicycle Powered Generator for the University Farm
,” BSEE Degree
, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.12.
Franklin, A. B., 2011, “Impact, Sustainability, and Dependency: The Case of Empower Playgrounds, Inc.”,
Master's thesis
, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT.13.
Wong
, K. V.
, 2015
, “Land-Sail Vehicle to Generate Electricity
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 137
(1
), p. 014701
.14.
Obara
, S.
, 2007
, “Improvement of Power Generation Efficiency of an Independent Microgrid Composed of Distributed Engine Generators
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 129
(3
), pp. 190
–199
.15.
Facci
, A. L.
, Andreassi
, L.
, Martini
, F.
, and Ubertini
, S.
, 2014
, “Comparing Energy and Cost Optimization in Distributed Energy Systems Management
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 136
(3
), p. 032001
.16.
Gershman
, H. W.
, 1980
, “An Approach to Determining the Economic Feasibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel and Materials Recovery Processing
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 102
(2
), pp. 77
–81
.17.
Wong
, K. V.
, and Tan
, N.
, 2015
, “Feasibility of Using More Geothermal Energy to Generate Electricity
,” ASME J. Energy Resour. Technol.
, 137
(4
), p. 041201
.18.
Avallone
, E. A.
, Baumeister
, T.
, and Sadegh
, A.
, 2006
, Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers (Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers)
, McGraw-Hill Professional
, New York.19.
Wekin
, A.
, 2013
, “Pedal Power—Human Scale Energy for Everyday Tasks
,” Kickstarter, Brooklyn, NY.20.
Louie
, H.
, and Szablya
, S. J.
, 2011
, “Electromagnetic Field Modeling of Appropriate Technology Generators for Rural Electrification Applications
,” Global Humanitarian Technology Conference
(GHTC
), Seattle, WA, Oct. 30–Nov. 1, pp. 242
–246
.21.
Podmore
, R.
, Larsen
, R.
, Louie
, H.
, and Waldron
, B.
, 2011
, “Affordable Energy Solutions for Developing Communities
,” IEEE Power and Energy Mag.
, 10
(2), pp. 89–98.22.
Just Soap
, 1999
, “Just Soap
,” Just Soap, Ashfield, MA, accessed Oct. 9, 2015, http://www.justsoap.com23.
Leary
, J.
, 2010
, “Putting Research Into Practice: From a Steel City Drawing Board to the Heart of the Maya
,” The University of Sheffield-EWB-UK National Research Conference
, pp. 1–7.24.
Heller
, C.
, Amatullo
, M.
, Barnum
, J.
, Ogbu
, L.
, and Tonkinwise
, C.
, 2014
, “Q&A
,” Des. Manage. Rev.
, 25
(2), pp. 4
–14
.25.
Decker
, K. D.
, 2015
, “Low Tech Solutions
,” Low-Tech Magazine, Barcelona, Spain, accessed Oct. 12, 2015, http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/low-tech-solutions.html26.
Gibson
, T.
, 2011
, “Turning Sweat Into Watts
,” IEEE Spectrum
, 48
(7
), pp. 50
–55
.27.
Aronoff
, J.
, Champion
, B.
, Lauer
, C.
, and Pahwa
, A.
, 2013
, “Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks: The Effectiveness of Community-Based Social Marketing on Energy Conservation for Sustainable University Campuses
,” IEEE Power Energy Mag.
, 11
(1
), pp. 30
–38
.28.
Epstein
, H.
, Harvey
, K.
, Fitchett
, C.
, and Campbell
, C.
, 2012
, “Greening Gyms
,” Senior thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.29.
Haji
, M.
, Lau
, K.
, and Agogino
, A.
, 2010
, “Harnessing Human Power for Alternative Energy in Fitness Facilities: A Case Study
,” Annual Conference of the Association for Sustainability in Higher Education
(AASHE), pp. 10
–12
.30.
Ajilian
, A.
, 2008
, “Method and System for Generating Electricity
,” U.S. Patent Application No. 12/036,220.31.
Durgahee
, A.
, and Knight
, M.
, 2012
, “New Gym Turns Workouts Into Watts
,” Cable News Network (CNN), Atlanta, GA.32.
Mottershead
, C.
, and Coughlan
, R.
, 2009
, “Bang Goes the Theory
,” BBC Special, London.33.
Wyche
, S. P.
, and Murphy
, L. L.
, 2013
, “Powering the Cellphone Revolution: Findings From Mobile Phone Charging Trials in Off-Grid Kenya
,” SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
(CHI
) Paris, France, Apr. 27–May 2, pp. 1959
–1968
.34.
Hayes
, B.
, and Goguely
, L.
, 2011
, “Bicycle Power Generator Design for DC House: Off Grid Energy Solutions
,” Senior Project, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA.35.
Bienville
, F.
, 2004
, “Bicycle Based Emergency Battery Charging System
,” U.S. Patent No. 6,717,280
.36.
Barlow
, M. J.
, 2006
, “Battery Charging Assembly
,” U.S. Patent No. 7,090,620
.37.
Damian
, M.
, and Damian
, J.
, 2011
, “Exercise Bike and Electricity Producing Combination Apparatus
,” U.S. Patent No. 7,967,734
.38.
Zhang
, Z. K.
, and Xiang
, Z. Q.
, 2001
, “LED Light Bulb
,” U.S. Patent No. 6,227,679
.39.
Carley
, S.
, and Lawrence
, S.
, 2014
, “Subnational EBED Cases
,” Energy-Based Economic Development
, Springer
, London, pp. 99
–117
.40.
Qiang
, C. Z.
, Kuek
, S. C.
, Dymond
, A.
, Esselaar
, S.
, and Unit
, I.
, 2011
, “Mobile Applications for Agriculture and Rural Development
,” World Bank, Washington, DC.41.
Campbell
, B.
, 2011
, “Aligning Agricultural Research to Meet Food Security and Climate Challenges
,” CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security, Montpellier, France.42.
Gates
, B.
, 2013
, “Annual Letter From Bill Gates
,” Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA.43.
Jansen
, A. J.
, 2011
, “Human Power Empirically Explored
,” Ph.D. thesis
, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.44.
Park
, M.
, 2010
, “Pedal Power Is Fueling Green Awareness
,” Cable News Network (CNN), Atlanta, GA.45.
Beér
, J. M.
, 2007
, “High Efficiency Electric Power Generation: The Environmental Role
,” Prog. Energy Combust. Sci.
, 33
(2
), pp. 107
–134
.46.
Slepchenkov
, M.
, and Smedley
, K.
, 2009
, “VAR Management in Power Systems: Basic Objectives, Solutions and Multi-Level Converters for STATCOM Applications
,” IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting
(PES
), Calgary, Alberta, Canada, July 26–30, pp. 1
–8
.47.
U.S. Energy Information Administration
, 2016
, “How Much Coal, Natural Gas, or Petroleum Is Used to Generate a Kilowatthour of Electricity?
,” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington, DC.48.
U.S. Energy Information Administration
, 2016
, “How Much Carbon Dioxide Is Produced Per Kilowatthour When Generating Electricity With Fossil Fuels?
,” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington, DC.49.
Moore
, F. C.
, and Diaz
, D. B.
, 2015
, “Temperature Impacts on Economic Growth Warrant Stringent Mitigation Policy
,” Nat. Clim. Change
, 5
(2
), pp. 127
–131
.50.
Alliance to Save Energy
, 2010
, “Global Environmental Education, Lacking Energy
,” Alliance to Save Energy
, Washington, DC.51.
Ginger Ninjas
, 2009
, “Summer 2009 Pleasant Revolution BMF Tour
,” Ginger Ninjas, Denmark.52.
Pecen
, R.
, and Nayir
, A.
, 2010
, “Promoting STEM to Young Students by Renewable Energy Applications
,” International Symposium on Modern Electric Power Systems
(MEPS
), Wroclaw, Poland, Sept. 20–22, pp. 1
–8
.53.
Rotter
, S. J.
, Ravenscroft
, J. L.
, and Gonzalez
, R.
, 2010
, “Bike Machine Energy Education
,” IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology
(ISSST
), Arlington, VA, May 17–19.54.
Rotter
, S.
, and Zinnen
, T.
, 2012
, “Work in Progress–A Systems Engineering Approach for Educational Explorations of Bike Machine Energy
,” IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology
(ISSST
), Boston, MA, May 16–18.55.
Yildiz
, F.
, 2013
, “Attracting Young Minds to Engineering Technology Fields With Mobile Renewable Energy Education
,” Americal Society for Engineering Education (ASEE
), Washington, DC.56.
Frauman
, D. C.
, 1982
, “The Relationship Between Physical Exercise, Sexual Activity, and Desire for Sexual Activity
,” J. Sex Res.
, 18
(1
), pp. 41
–46
.57.
Intlekofer
, K. A.
, and Cotman
, C. W.
, 2013
, “Exercise Counteracts Declining Hippocampal Function in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease
,” Neurobiol. Dis.
, 57
, pp. 47
–55
.58.
Broman-Fulks
, J. J.
, Berman
, M. E.
, Rabian
, B. A.
, and Webster
, M. J.
, 2004
, “Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Anxiety Sensitivity
,” Behav. Res. Ther.
, 42
(2
), pp. 125
–136
.59.
Loprinzi
, P. D.
, and Cardinal
, B. J.
, 2013
, “Association Between Biologic Outcomes and Objectively Measured Physical Activity Accumulated in Less Than 10-Minute Bouts and Greater Than 10-Minute Bouts
,” Am. J. Health Promot.
, 27
(3
), pp. 143
–151
.60.
Church
, T. S.
, Martin
, C. K.
, Thompson
, A. M.
, Earnest
, C. P.
, Mikus
, C. R.
, and Blair
, S. N.
, 2009
, “Changes in Weight, Waist Circumference and Compensatory Responses With Different Doses of Exercise Among Sedentary, Overweight Postmenopausal Women
,” PLoS One
, 4
(2
), p. e4515
.61.
Segal
, S. K.
, Cotman
, C. W.
, and Cahill
, L. F.
, 2012
, “Exercise-Induced Noradrenergic Activation Enhances Memory Consolidation in Both Normal Aging and Patients With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
,” J. Alzheimer's Dis.
, 32
(4
), pp. 1011
–1018
.62.
Glass
, J. M.
, Lyden
, A. K.
, Petzke
, F.
, Stein
, P.
, Whalen
, G.
, Ambrose
, K.
, Chrousos
, G.
, and Clauw
, D. J.
, 2004
, “The Effect of Brief Exercise Cessation on Pain, Fatigue, and Mood Symptom Development in Healthy, Fit Individuals
,” J. Psychosom. Res.
, 57
(4
), pp. 391
–398
.63.
Yerrell
, P.
, 2008
, National Evaluation of TCV?s Green Gym
, Oxford Brookes University
, Oxford, UK.64.
Loprinzi
, P. D.
, and Cardinal
, B. J.
, 2012
, “Interrelationships Among Physical Activity, Depression, Homocysteine, and Metabolic Syndrome With Special Considerations by Sex
,” Prev. Med.
, 54
(6
), pp. 388
–392
.65.
Cappon
, J.
, Brasel
, J.
, Mohan
, S.
, and Cooper
, D.
, 1994
, “Effect of Brief Exercise on Circulating Insulin-Like Growth Factor I
,” J. Appl. Physiol.
, 76
(6
), pp. 2490
–2496
.66.
Paffenbarger
, R. S.
, and Lee
, I.-M.
, Jr., 1998
, “A Natural History of Athleticism, Health and Longevity
,” J. Sports Sci.
, 16
(sup1), pp. 31
–45
.67.
Bureau of Labor and Statistics
, 2015
, “Employment Situation
,” BLS, Technical Report No. USDL-15-2125
.68.
Rashad
, I.
, and Grossman
, M.
, 2004
, “The Economics of Obesity
,” Public Interest
, Washington, DC, pp. 104
–113
.69.
Reitman
, M.
, 2013
, “Energy Generator Powered by Gym Facility
,” U.S. Patent No. US20140265334
.70.
Hurdle
, J.
, 2014
, “For Those Stuck in the Terminal, an Opportunity to Exercise
,” New York Times, New York.71.
Diehl
, J. J.
, and Choi
, H.
, 2008
, “Exercise: The Data on Its Role in Health, Mental Health, Disease Prevention, and Productivity
,” Primary Care: Clin. Off. Pract.
, 35
(4
), pp. 803
–816
.72.
Low
, D.
, Gramlich
, M.
, and Engram
, B. W.
, 2007
, “Self-Paced Exercise Program for Office Workers Impact on Productivity and Health Outcomes
,” AAOHN J.
, 55
(3
), pp. 99
–105
.73.
von Thiele Schwarz
, U.
, and Hasson
, H.
, 2011
, “Employee Self-Rated Productivity and Objective Organizational Production Levels: Effects of Worksite Health Interventions Involving Reduced Work Hours and Physical Exercise
,” J. Occup. Environ. Med.
, 53
(8
), pp. 838
–844
.74.
CDC
, 2016
, “Worker Productivity—Physical Activity Evaluation Measures
,” Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.75.
Erickson
, K. I.
, Voss
, M. W.
, Prakash
, R. S.
, Basak
, C.
, Szabo
, A.
, Chaddock
, L.
, Kim
, J. S.
, Heo
, S.
, Alves
, H.
, White
, S. M.
, Wojcicki, T. R., Mailey, E., Vieira, V. J., Martin, S. A., Pence, B. D., Woods, J. A., McAuley, E., and Kramer, A. F., 2011
, “Exercise Training Increases Size of Hippocampus and Improves Memory
,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
, 108
(7
), pp. 3017
–3022
.76.
Oppezzo
, M.
, and Schwartz
, D. L.
, 2014
, “Give Your Ideas Some Legs: The Positive Effect of Walking on Creative Thinking
,” J. Exp. Psychol.: Learn., Mem., Cognit.
, 40
(4
), pp. 1142–1152.77.
McElhaney
, K.
, 2008
, Just Good Business: The Strategic Guide to Aligning Corporate Responsibility and Brand
, Berrett-Koehler Publishers
, Oakland, CA.78.
Boushey
, H.
, and Glynn
, S.
, 2012
, “There Are Significant Business Costs to Replacing Employees
,” Center for American Progress
, Washington, DC, Vol. 10
.79.
Powell
, A.
, 2008
, “Wifi Publics: Producing Community and Technology
,” Inf., Commun. Soc.
, 11
(8
), pp. 1068
–1088
.80.
WBA
, 2011
, “Global Developments in Public Wi-Fi
,” Wireless Broadband Alliance, Singapore.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.