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Journal Articles

Understanding the Impact of Data Center Liquid Cooling on Energy and Performance of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Workloads

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Bharath Ramakrishnan, Cam Turner, Husam Alissa, Dennis Trieu, Felipe Rivera, Luke Melton, Muralikrishna Rao, Sruti Chigullapalli, Tatek Getachew, Vladimir Prodanovic, Robert Lankston, Christian Belady, Vaidehi Oruganti
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. June 2025, 147(2): 021003.
Paper No: EP-24-1082
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4067136
Published Online: December 11, 2024
View Article titled, Understanding the Impact of Data Center Liquid Cooling on Energy and Performance of Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Workloads
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Topics: Artificial intelligence, Cooling, Data centers, Energy consumption, Graphics processing units, Machine learning, Temperature, Stress, Coolants
Journal Articles

Development of a Thermal Metrology Standard for Evaluation of Cold Plate Thermal Resistance as a Performance Metric

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Victor A. Martinez, Carol Caceres, Alfonso Ortega
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2024, 146(4): 041118.
Paper No: EP-24-1040
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4066101
Published Online: August 24, 2024
View Article titled, Development of a Thermal Metrology Standard for Evaluation of Cold Plate Thermal Resistance as a Performance Metric
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Topics: Temperature, Thermal resistance, Thermocouples, Coolants, Errors, Flow (Dynamics), Heat exchangers, Uncertainty
Journal Articles

Methodology to Characterize Row Manifolds for High Power Direct to Chip Liquid Cooling Data Centers

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Pardeep Shahi, Ali Heydari, Bahareh Eslami, Vahideh Radmard, Chandraprakash Hinge, Himanshu Modi, Lochan Sai Reddy Chinthaparthy, Mohammad Tradat, Dereje Agonafer, Jeremy Rodriguez
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2024, 146(4): 041117.
Paper No: EP-24-1030
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065948
Published Online: August 17, 2024
View Article titled, Methodology to Characterize Row Manifolds for High Power Direct to Chip Liquid Cooling Data Centers
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Topics: Cooling, Data centers, Flow (Dynamics), Manifolds, Pressure, Pressure drop, Temperature, Modeling, Coolants, Calibration
Journal Articles

Liquid-to-Air Coolant Distribution Units Performance and Considerations for Server Rooms Upgrade With Conventional Air Conditioning

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Ali Heydari, Qusai Soud, Mohammad Tradat, Ahmad R. Gharaibeh, Najmeh Fallahtafti, Jeremy Rodriguez, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2024, 146(4): 041106.
Paper No: EP-24-1021
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065942
Published Online: July 26, 2024
View Article titled, Liquid-to-Air Coolant Distribution Units Performance and Considerations for Server Rooms Upgrade With Conventional Air Conditioning
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Topics: Air conditioning, Coolants, Cooling, Temperature, Vehicles, Stress, Heat, HVAC equipment, Noise (Sound), Flow (Dynamics)
Journal Articles

Performance Analysis of Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger of High-Power Density Racks

Free
Ali Heydari, Ahmad R. Gharaibeh, Mohammad Tradat, Qusai Soud, Yaman Manaserh, Vahideh Radmard, Bahareh Eslami, Jeremy Rodriguez, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2024, 146(4): 041102.
Paper No: EP-24-1007
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065537
Published Online: June 17, 2024
View Article titled, Performance Analysis of Liquid-to-Air Heat Exchanger of High-Power Density Racks
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Topics: Coolants, Cooling, Data centers, Density, Heat, Heat exchangers, Temperature, Fluids, Stress, Cooling systems
Journal Articles

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Single-Phase Liquid Cooling for Heterogeneous Integration Multichip Module

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Ahmad R. Gharaibeh, Qusai Soud, Yaman Manaserh, Mohammad Tradat, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2024, 146(4): 041101.
Paper No: EP-24-1006
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065446
Published Online: May 24, 2024
View Article titled, Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Single-Phase Liquid Cooling for Heterogeneous Integration Multichip Module
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Topics: Computer simulation, Cooling, Flow (Dynamics), Heat, Heat sinks, Multi-chip modules, Pressure drop, Temperature, Fluids, Coolants
Journal Articles

A Comparative Numerical Analysis of Cold Plates for Thermal Management of Chips With Hotspots

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Mahdi Farahikia, Ping-Chuan Wang, Louis Reyes, Matthew Krumholtz
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Technical Briefs
J. Electron. Packag. September 2024, 146(3): 034501.
Paper No: EP-23-1066
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064523
Published Online: February 7, 2024
View Article titled, A Comparative Numerical Analysis of Cold Plates for Thermal Management of Chips With Hotspots
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Topics: Coolants, Fins, Numerical analysis, Plates (structures), Pumps, Temperature, Temperature distribution, Thermal management, Thermal resistance, Flow (Dynamics)
Journal Articles

HFE7500 Coolant Dielectric Strength Augmentation Under Convective Conditions

Free
Ange Christian Iradukunda, David Huitink, Kevin Kayijuka, Tarek Gebrael, Nenad Miljkovic
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. March 2023, 145(1): 011105.
Paper No: EP-22-1022
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4056031
Published Online: November 11, 2022
View Article titled, HFE7500 Coolant Dielectric Strength Augmentation Under Convective Conditions
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Topics: Coolants, Electrodes, Flow (Dynamics), Fluids, Temperature, Cooling
Journal Articles

Transient Nature of Flight and Its Impact on Thermal Management for All Electric Aircraft

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Joshua Kasitz, Aniket Ajay Lad, Muhammad Jahidul Hoque, Nenad Miljkovic, David Huitink
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. March 2023, 145(1): 011101.
Paper No: EP-22-1023
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055464
Published Online: September 27, 2022
View Article titled, Transient Nature of Flight and Its Impact on Thermal Management for All Electric Aircraft
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Topics: Aircraft, Cooling, Cooling systems, Flight, Heat exchangers, Stress, Temperature, Thermal management, Transients (Dynamics), Motors
Journal Articles

Performance Analysis of Corrosion Resistant Electroless Nickel-Plated Impinging Computer Numerical Control Manufactured Liquid Cooling Cold Plate

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Vahideh Radmard, Ahmad R. Gharaibeh, Mohammad I. Tradat, Cong. H. Hoang, Yaman Yaseen Manaserh, Kourosh Nemati, Scott N. Schiffres, Bahgat G. Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. June 2023, 145(2): 021001.
Paper No: EP-22-1003
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4054972
Published Online: August 8, 2022
View Article titled, Performance Analysis of Corrosion Resistant Electroless Nickel-Plated Impinging Computer Numerical Control Manufactured Liquid Cooling Cold Plate
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Topics: Computers, Cooling, Copper, Corrosion, Nickel plating, Plates (structures), Pressure drop, Temperature, Thermal resistance, Flow (Dynamics)
Journal Articles

System and Component Level Risk Assessment for SiC MOSFET Based Inverter for Traction Application at High Coolant Temperatures and Off-Road Mission Profile

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Bakhtiyar Mohammad Nafis, Mohammad Mahmud, Zhongjing Wang, Yuheng Wu, David Huitink, Yue Zhao
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. June 2022, 144(2): 021107.
Paper No: EP-21-1056
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4052408
Published Online: October 6, 2021
View Article titled, System and Component Level Risk Assessment for SiC MOSFET Based Inverter for Traction Application at High Coolant Temperatures and Off-Road Mission Profile
Open the PDF for System and Component Level Risk Assessment for SiC MOSFET Based Inverter for Traction Application at High Coolant Temperatures and Off-Road Mission Profile in another window
Topics: Capacitance, Coolants, Gates (Closures), MOSFET transistors, Reliability, Temperature, Traction, Roads, Thermal resistance
Journal Articles

Viability of Cryogenic Cooling to Reduce Processor Power Consumption

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Alec Nordlund, Matthew Harrison, Joshua Gess
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2021, 143(4): 041101.
Paper No: EP-21-1034
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4051752
Published Online: August 9, 2021
View Article titled, Viability of Cryogenic Cooling to Reduce Processor Power Consumption
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Topics: Coolants, Cooling, Energy consumption, Flow (Dynamics), Nitrogen, Temperature, Design, Leakage, Solenoids, Thermal stability
Journal Articles

Experimental Characterization of Two-Phase Cold Plates Intended for High-Density Data Center Servers Using a Dielectric Fluid

Free
Bharath Ramakrishnan, Cong Hiep Hoang, Sadegh Khalili, Yaser Hadad, Srikanth Rangarajan, Arvind Pattamatta, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. June 2021, 143(2): 020904.
Paper No: EP-20-1119
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049928
Published Online: March 5, 2021
View Article titled, Experimental Characterization of Two-Phase Cold Plates Intended for High-Density Data Center Servers Using a Dielectric Fluid
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Topics: Boiling, Coolants, Cooling, Data centers, Density, Flow (Dynamics), Fluids, Heat flux, Heat transfer coefficients, Plates (structures)
Journal Articles

Design and Optimization of Control Strategy to Reduce Pumping Power in Dynamic Liquid Cooling

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Rajesh Kasukurthy, Amruthavalli Rachakonda, Dereje Agonafer
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. September 2021, 143(3): 031001.
Paper No: EP-20-1016
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049018
Published Online: January 19, 2021
View Article titled, Design and Optimization of Control Strategy to Reduce Pumping Power in Dynamic Liquid Cooling
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Topics: Computational fluid dynamics, Coolants, Cooling, Flow (Dynamics), Flow control, Matlab, Optimization, Plates (structures), Temperature, Testing
Journal Articles

Minimizing the Effects of On-Chip Hotspots Using Multi-Objective Optimization of Flow Distribution in Water-Cooled Parallel Microchannel Heatsinks

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Yaser Hadad, Vahideh Radmard, Srikanth Rangarajan, Mahdi Farahikia, Gamal Refai-Ahmed, Paul R. Chiarot, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. June 2021, 143(2): 021007.
Paper No: EP-19-1111
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048590
Published Online: October 30, 2020
View Article titled, Minimizing the Effects of On-Chip Hotspots Using Multi-Objective Optimization of Flow Distribution in Water-Cooled Parallel Microchannel Heatsinks
Open the PDF for Minimizing the Effects of On-Chip Hotspots Using Multi-Objective Optimization of Flow Distribution in Water-Cooled Parallel Microchannel Heatsinks in another window
Topics: Design, Electrical resistivity, Flow (Dynamics), Pumps, Temperature, Optimization, Microchannels, Coolants, Pareto optimization, Heat flux
Journal Articles

Additive Manufactured Impinging Coolant, Low Electromagnetic Interference, and Nonmetallic Heat Spreader: Design and Optimization

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Reece Whitt, Skyler Hudson, David Huitink, Zhao Yuan, Asif Emon, Fang Luo
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2020, 142(4): 041004.
Paper No: EP-20-1034
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048493
Published Online: October 12, 2020
View Article titled, Additive Manufactured Impinging Coolant, Low Electromagnetic Interference, and Nonmetallic Heat Spreader: Design and Optimization
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Topics: Additive manufacturing, Coolants, Cooling, Design, Electromagnetic interference, Flat heat pipes, Flow (Dynamics), Fluids, Heat, Heat transfer
Journal Articles

An Experimental Investigation on the Fluid Distribution in a Two-Phase Cooled Rack Under Steady and Transient Information Technology Loads

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Sadegh Khalili, Srikanth Rangarajan, Vadim Gektin, Husam Alissa, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2020, 142(4): 041002.
Paper No: EP-19-1138
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4048180
Published Online: September 4, 2020
View Article titled, An Experimental Investigation on the Fluid Distribution in a Two-Phase Cooled Rack Under Steady and Transient Information Technology Loads
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Topics: Coolants, Cooling, Cooling systems, Flow (Dynamics), Fluids, Heat, Manifolds, Pressure, Stress, Temperature
Journal Articles

Comparative Study on Power Module Architectures for Modularity and Scalability

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Mei-Chien Lu
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Review Articles
J. Electron. Packag. December 2020, 142(4): 040801.
Paper No: EP-19-1126
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047472
Published Online: June 29, 2020
View Article titled, Comparative Study on Power Module Architectures for Modularity and Scalability
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Topics: Architecture, Cooling, Design, Electric vehicles, Electronics, Patents, Hybrid electric vehicles, Traction, Coolants, Metals
Journal Articles

Design, Analysis, Comparison, and Experimental Validation of Insulated Metal Substrates for High-Power Wide-Bandgap Power Modules

Free
Emre Gurpinar, Burak Ozpineci, Shajjad Chowdhury
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2020, 142(4): 041107.
Paper No: EP-19-1131
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047409
Published Online: June 26, 2020
View Article titled, Design, Analysis, Comparison, and Experimental Validation of Insulated Metal Substrates for High-Power Wide-Bandgap Power Modules
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Topics: Design, Energy gap, Heat, Junctions, Metals, MOSFET transistors, Steady state, Temperature, Thermal analysis, Transients (Dynamics)
Journal Articles

Thermal Analysis of Cold Plate for Direct Liquid Cooling of High Performance Servers

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Bharath Ramakrishnan, Yaser Hadad, Sami Alkharabsheh, Paul R. Chiarot, Bahgat Sammakia
Journal: Journal of Electronic Packaging
Publisher: ASME
Article Type: Research-Article
J. Electron. Packag. December 2019, 141(4): 041005.
Paper No: EP-18-1069
https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4044130
Published Online: July 12, 2019
View Article titled, Thermal Analysis of Cold Plate for Direct Liquid Cooling of High Performance Servers
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Topics: Computer simulation, Coolants, Cooling, Flow (Dynamics), Pressure drop, Temperature, Thermal resistance, Heat, Heat transfer coefficients, Heat transfer