Abstract
For the problem of the performance gap between individual cells in retired lithium batteries after group use, which affects the usable capacity of the battery pack, a grouping bidirectional equalization method based on variable domain fuzzy control is proposed. Equalization circuits based on a single inductor and LC oscillation circuit are respectively used for inter-cell and inter-cell group, to achieve inter-cell equalization and inter-cell group equalization. Variable domain fuzzy control strategy is used to determine the reasonable range of operating current according to state of health (SOH) of the battery, combined with the relationship between the capacity decay coefficient, and the average operational range of state of charge (SOC); the equalization current is dynamically adjusted according to its mathematical relationship with the operating current. To verify the effectiveness of this equalization method, an experimental platform was built and verification simulations were performed. The result of experiments shows, the equalization speed is increased by 25%, compared to the fixed equalization current control strategy; the capacity decay is reduced by 6% and the service life is extended after experiments of 1200 charge/discharge cycles, compared to traditional fuzzy equalization strategy.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Das
, U. K.
, Shrivastava
, P.
, and Kok
, S.
, 2020
, “Advancement of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells Voltage Equalization Techniques: A Review
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
, 134
, p. 110227
. 2.
Fan
, Z.
, Carter
, J.
, and Cao
, J.
, 2020
, “Cell Equalisation Circuits: A Review
,” J. Power Sources
, 448
(C
), pp. 227489
–227489
. 3.
Lai
, X.
, Qiao
, D.
, Zheng
, Y.
, Ouyang
, M.
, Han
, X.
, and Zhou
, L.
, 2019
, “A Rapid Screening and Regrouping Approach Based on Neural Networks for Large-Scale Retired Lithium-Ion Cells in Second-Use Applications
,” J. Clean. Prod.
, 213
, pp. 776
–791
. 4.
Duan
, C.
, Wang
, C.
, Li
, Z.
, Chen
, J.
, Wang
, S.
, Snyder
, A.
, and Jiang
, C.
, 2018
, “A Solar Power-Assisted Battery Balancing System for Electric Vehicles
,” IEEE Trans. Transport. Electrif.
, 4
(2
), pp. 432
–443
. 5.
Omariba
, Z. B.
, Zhang
, L.
, and Sun
, D.
, 2019
, “Review of Battery Cell Balancing Methodologies for Optimizing Battery Pack Performance in Electric Vehicles
,” IEEE Access
, 7
, pp. 129335
–129352
. 6.
Zun
, C. Y.
, Park
, S. U.
, and Mok
, H. S.
, 2020
, “New Cell Balancing Charging System Research for Lithium-Ion Batteries
,” Energies
, 13
(6
), p. 1393
. 7.
Pham
, V. L.
, Duong
, V. T.
, and Choi
, W.
, “A Low Cost and Fast Cell-to-Cell Balancing Circuit for Lithium-Ion Battery Strings
,” Electronics
, 9
(2
), p. 248
. 8.
Pham
, V. L.
, Duong
, V. T.
, and Choi
, W.
, 2020
, “High-Efficiency Active Cell-to-Cell Balancing Circuit for Lithium-Ion Battery Modules Using LLC Resonant Converter
,” J. Power Electron.
, 20
(4
), pp. 1
–10
. 9.
Yongqi
, L.
, Man
, C.
, Ke
, W. U.
, and Zhibin
, L.
, 2019
, “Research on Four Levels Balancing Control for Cascaded H-Bridge Based Battery Energy Storage System
,” Acta Energ. Sol. Sin.
, 40
(5
), pp. 1291
–1297
.10.
Zhang
, J.
, Wang
, N.
, Huang
, R.
, Ma
, M.
, and He
, S.
, 2019
, “Survey on Frequency Regulation Technology of Power Grid by High-Penetration Photovoltaic
,” Power Syst. Protect. Control
, 47
(15
), pp. 179
–186
.11.
Yan
, X. W.
, Deng
, H. R.
, Guo
, Q.
, and Qi
, W.
, 2019
, “Study on the State of Health Detection of Power Batteries Based on Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filters and the Battery Echelon Utilization
,” Trans. China Electrotech. Soc.
, 34
(18
), pp. 3937
–3948
.12.
Xiong
, R.
, Li
, L. L.
, and Tian
, J. P.
, 2018
, “Towards a Smarter Battery Management System: A Critical Review on Battery State of Health Monitoring Methods
,” J. Power Sources
, 405
, pp. 18
–29
. 13.
Shang
, Y.
, Cui
, N.
, and Zhang
, C.
, 2019
, “An Optimized Any-Cell-to-Any-Cell Equalizer Based on Coupled Half-Bridge Converters for Series-Connected Battery Strings
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron
, 34
(9
), pp. 8831
–8841
. 14.
Xin
, C.
, Qingchang
, Z.
, Yanchen
, Q.
, and Deng
, Z.-Q.
, 2018
, “Multilayer Modular Balancing Strategy for Individual Cells in a Battery Pack
,” IEEE Trans. Energy Conv.
, 33
(2
), pp. 526
–536
. 15.
Meng
, J.
, Ricco
, M.
, Luo
, G.
, Swierczynski
, M.
, Stroe
, D.-I.
, Stroe
, A.-I.
, and Teodorescu
, R.
, 2018
, “An Overview and Comparison of Online Implementable SOC Estimation Methods for Lithium-Ion Battery
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
, 54
(2
), pp. 1583
–1591
. 16.
Liu
, J.
, Xu
, M.
, Zeng
, J.
, Wu
, J.
, and Kai Wai Eric
, C.
, 2018
, “Modified Voltage Equaliser Based on Cockcroft–Walton Voltage Multipliers for Series-Connected Supercapacitors
,” IET Electr. Syst. Transport.
8
(1
), pp. 44
–51
. 17.
Hannan
, M. A.
, Hoque
, M. M.
, Peng
, S. E.
, and Uddin
, M. N.
, 2017
, “Lithium-Ion Battery Charge Equalization Algorithm for Electric Vehicle Applications
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.
, 53
(3
), pp. 2541
–2549
. 18.
Uno
, M.
, and Kukita
, A.
, 2018
, “String-to-Battery Voltage Equalizer Based on a Half-Bridge Converter With Multistacked Current Doublers for Series-Connected Batteries
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
, 34
(2
), pp. 1286
–1298
. 19.
Bouchhima
, N.
, Gossen
, M.
, Schulte
, S.
, and Birke
, K. P.
, 2018
, “Lifetime of Self-Reconfigurable Batteries Compared With Conventional Batteries
,” J. Energy Storage
, 15
, pp. 400
–407
. 20.
Tang
, X.
, Zou
, C.
, Wik
, T.
, Yao
, K.
, Xia
, Y.
, Wang
, Y.
, Yang
, D.
, and Gao
, F.
, 2020
, “Run-to-Run Control for Active Balancing of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery Packs
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
, 35
(2
), pp. 1499
–1512
. 21.
Daowd
, M.
, Antoine
, M.
, Omar
, N.
, van den Bossche
, P.
, and van Mierlo
, J.
, 2013
, “Single Switched Capacitor Battery Balancing System Enhancements
,” Energies
, 6
(4
), pp. 2149
–2174
. 22.
Park
, S. H.
, Park
, K. B.
, Kim
, H. S.
, Moon
, G.-W.
, and Youn
, M.-J.
, 2012
, “Single-Magnetic Cell-to-Cell Charge Equalization Converter With Reduced Number of Transformer Windings
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
, 27
(6
), pp. 2900
–2911
. 23.
Phung
, T. H.
, Collet
, A.
, and Crebier
, J.-C.
, 2014
, “An Optimized Topology for Next-to-Next Balancing of Series-Connected Lithium-Ion Cells
,” Power Electron.
, 29
(9
), pp. 4603
–4613
. 24.
Lee
, K. M.
, Chung
, Y. C.
, Sung
, C. H.
, and Kang
, B.
, “Active Cell Balancing of Li-Ion Batteries Using LC Series Resonant Circuit
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
, 62
(9
), pp. 5491
–5501
. 25.
Weiji
, H.
, Changfu
, Z.
, Chen
, Z.
, and Zhang
, L.
, 2019
, “Estimation of Cell SOC Evolution and System Performance in Module-Based Battery Charge Equalization Systems
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
, 10
(5
), pp. 4717
–4728
. 26.
Kim
, D.
, and Lee
, J.
, 2017
, “Discharge Scheduling for Voltage Balancing in Reconfigurable Battery Systems
,” Electron. Lett.
, 53
(7
), pp. 496
–498
. 27.
Wangbin
, Z.
, Jun
, H.
, and Haitao
, C.
, 2018
, “An Active Balance Circuit Applied to Lithium Ion Battery Packs
,” Spacecraft Eng.
, 27
(4
), pp. 61
–66
.28.
He
, L.
, Yang
, Z.
, Gu
, Y.
, Liu
, C.
, He
, T.
, and Shin
, K. G.
, 2018
, “SoH-Aware Reconfiguration in Battery Packs
,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid
, 9
(4
), pp. 3727
–3735
. 29.
Chatzinikolaou
, E.
, and Rogers
, J. D.
, 2018
, “Hierarchical Distributed Balancing Control for Large-Scale Reconfigurable AC Battery Packs
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
, 33
(7
), pp. 5592
–5602
. 30.
Zhiguo
, A. N.
, Zhikun
, S.
, Dongsheng
, Z.
, and Jingyi
, G.
, 2019
, “SOC Estimation of Lithium Battery Based on Equivalent Model of Extended Kalman Filter
,” J. Chongqing Jiaotong Univ.
, 38
(2
), pp. 133
–138
.Copyright © 2022 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
