In the first Edition, the principal author, Mr. Thomas J. Am, made extensive references to Section VIII, Division 2, and these references remain in both the second and third Editions. Users of this Chapter of the Companion Guide should be aware that in the 2007 Edition of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, was completely rewritten and revised. This “New” Section VIII, Division 2 has little conformity with the rules of “Old” Section VIII, Division 2. The rules for “Design by Analysis” were first embodied in the 1963 Edition of Section III, Nuclear Vessels, for Class A Vessels (today's Class 1 vessels), and later used as the Alternative Rules published in the 1968 Edition of Section VIII, Division 2. These design rules utilized Design Stress lntensities based on the Maximum Shear Stress Theory of Failure (the Tresca Criterion) and the design values were based on a design factor of of the Tensile Strength and of the Yield Strength. Permitted materials were restricted, and temperature limits were established at 700_F for carbon and low alloy steels, and 800_F for austenitic and high temperature alloys. Many fabrication details permitted in Section VIII, Division 1, were not included in construction details for the Alternative Rules. Section III, Class 2 vessels designed by analysis in NC-3200 still abide by the rules of the “Old” Section VIII, Division 2, up to the 2004 Edition, including the 2005 and 2006 Addenda. The “New” Section VIII, Division 2, 2007 Edition, still refers to “Design Stress Intensities,” but they are based on the Maximum Stress Theory of Failure (von Mises Criteria), and they are based on a design factor of 1/2.4 of the Tensile Strength. Many of the construction details not previously permitted have been included. Section III has not even begun to study this disparity in design and construction, and has not considered approval of the “New” Section VIII, Division 2. Therefore, in using this Chapter, do not reference the 2007 Edition of Section VIII, Division 2. All references are to the “Old” Section VIII, Division 2, 2004 Edition with 2005 and 2006 Addenda. For a complete discussion on the rewrite, please refer to Chapter 22.

Chapter 3 has multiple authors, and in Chapter 3.1, History of Materials in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code , Domenic Canonico traces the chronological evolution of materials and associated technologies, from the need for materials to accommodate riveted construction to the acceptance of fusion welding as a fabrication process. Included in this discussion are the application of advanced materials, the revisions to the basis for setting allowable stress values, and the acceptance of Material Specifications other than those approved by ASTM. Also covered is the evolution of materials, from their humble beginning as a 35-page inclusion in the 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code to the 3994-page, four-Part 2001 Edition of Section II of the ASME B&PV Code. Chapter 3.1 provides some insight not only into the materials needed for the design and fabrication of power boilers but also into the determination of the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. With the aid of tables, Domenic discusses the Material Specifications from the 1914 through the present Code Editions. Chapter 3.2, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, discusses Code Section II, Part A— Ferrous Material Specifications , adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. They note that all materials accepted by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Parts A, B, or C, or referenced in Appendix A of Part A—except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Discussions in Chapter 3.2 include The Organization of Section II, Part A, Guideline on the Approval of New Materials, Appendices, and Interpretations. In Chapter 3.3, Dennis W. Rahoi provides the basis of and commentary on Section II, Part B— Nonferrous Material Specifications , adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. He notes that all materials allowed by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part B or referenced in Appendix A of Part B-except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Dennis discusses alloy definitions; the organization of Section II, Part B Appendices; the acceptable ASTM Editions; Nonmandatory guidelines; the guideline on the Approval of New Materials; the allowable stresses for alloys; and the basis for material acceptance for Code Construction. Dennis also provides cross-references to weldability; ASME Code Sections I, III, IV, VIII, and IX; and Piping Codes B31.1 and B31.3. Chapter 3.4, authored by Marvin Carpenter, discusses Section II, Part C— Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals . Welding plays a major role in the fabrication of pressure vessels and related components to the requirements of the ASME B&PV Code. Marvin provides the basis for the Specifications and Standards enveloped by Section II, Part C and their relations to the ANSI/AWS specifications. Marvin indicates that Section II, Part C does not include all the welding and brazing materials available to the industry—only those Specifications applicable to ASME Code Construction. Discussions also include Code Cases pertinent to this chapter. Chapter 3.4 highlights the major features of the Welding Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part C and the relationship of these Specifications to other Sections of the Code, including Section IX. Included are the electrode classification system, material descriptions, welding material applications, welding material procurement, and filler-metal certification. Chapter 3.4 should prove useful for one to gain a basic understanding of ASME/AWS Welding Material Classification and Specification. Chapter 3.5, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, covers Section II, Part D— Properties . The coverage includes properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the Code for design of B&PV and nuclear power plant components. This coverage includes tables of maximum allowable stresses and design-stress intensities for the materials adopted by the various Code Sections, as well as a discussion of yield strength and tensile strength at various temperatures, external-pressure charts, and other properties for the design of items covered by the various Code Sections. With the aid of several tables, they provide in-depth information about “where is what” in Section II, Part D, and in addition, they note that although much of the information in the various Subparts and Appendices of Section II, Part D was compiled in several places in earlier Code Section Editions, in current editions it is compiled entirely in Section II, Part D to reduce the length of, avoid the duplication of, and facilitate the use of the Code Sections. Thus their commentary can be a useful “road map” even for Users of earlier Code Sections, because it encapsulates—all in one place-information crucial to Designers and Practicing Engineers.

Situations arise where pipe tensile properties may not be sufficiently documented to satisfy regulatory requirements thus requiring an additional effort to obtain the data. This more often occurs in the case of older pipelines where records necessary to document the pipe properties may have been misplaced over time or may even be non-existent for very old pipelines. In such cases, the operator currently has two methods available according to the requirements of Appendix B of 49 CFR Part 192. One method is to adopt the 24,000 psi yield strength and base the pipeline MAOP on that value. The second method is to implement the provisions that permit yield strength to be determined by tensile testing according to the prescribed criteria. Adopting a maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) based on an assumed 24,000 psi yield strength has some immediate utility but often results in reduced pipeline throughput. Otherwise, tensile test coupon removal requires removing the pipeline from service. Neither of these alternatives is an optimal solution when additional pipe yield strength documentation of an operating pipeline is required. Additional methods, preferably non-destructive, are needed to provide a reliable assessment of pipeline yield strength without the need for destructive test methods.

Chapter 3 has multiple authors, and in Chapter 3.1, History of Materials in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Domenic Canonico traces the chronological evolution of materials and associated technologies, from the need for materials to accommodate riveted construction to the acceptance of fusion welding as a fabrication process. Included in this discussion are the application of advanced materials, the revisions to the basis for setting allowable stress values, and the acceptance of Material Specifications other than those approved by ASTM. Also covered is the evolution of materials, from their humble beginning as a 35-page inclusion in the 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code to the 3994-page, four-Part 2001 Edition of Section II of the ASME B&PV Code. Chapter 3.1 provides some insight not only into the materials needed for the design and fabrication of power boilers but also into the determination of the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. With the aid of tables, Domenic discusses the Material Specifications from the 1914 through the present Code Editions. Chapter 3.2, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, discusses Code Section II, Part A—Ferrous Material Specifications, adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. They note that all materials accepted by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Parts A, B, or C, or referenced in Appendix A of Part A—except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Discussions in Chapter 3.2 include The Organization of Section II, Part A, Guideline on the Approval of New Materials, Appendices, and Interpretations. In Chapter 3.3, Dennis W. Rahoi provides the basis of and commentary on Section II, Part B—Nonferrous Material Specifications, adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. He notes that all materials allowed by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part B or referenced in Appendix A of Part B—except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Dennis discusses alloy definitions; the organization of Section II, Part B Appendices; the acceptable ASTM Editions; Nonmandatory guidelines; the guideline on the Approval of New Materials; the allowable stresses for alloys; and the basis for material acceptance for Code Construction. Dennis also provides cross-references to weldability; ASME Code Sections I, III, IV, VIII, and IX; and Piping Codes B31.1 and B31.3. Chapter 3.4, authored by Marvin Carpenter, discusses Section II, Part C—Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals. Welding plays a major role in the fabrication of pressure vessels and related components to the requirements of the ASME B&PV Code. Marvin provides the basis for the Specifications and Standards enveloped by Section II, Part C and their relations to the ANSI∕AWS specifications. Marvin indicates that Section II, Part C does not include all the welding and brazing materials available to the industry—only those Specifications applicable to ASME Code Construction. Discussions also include Code Cases pertinent to this chapter. Chapter 3.4 highlights the major features of the Welding Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part C and the relationship of these Specifications to other Sections of the Code, including Section IX. Included are the electrode classification system, material descriptions, welding material applications, welding material procurement, and filler-metal certification. Chapter 3.4 should prove useful for one to gain a basic understanding of ASME∕AWS Welding Material Classification and Specification. Chapter 3.5, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, covers Section II, Part D—Properties. The coverage includes properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the Code for design of B&PV and nuclear power plant components. This coverage includes tables of maximum allowable stresses and design-stress intensities for the materials adopted by the various Code Sections, as well as a discussion of yield strength and tensile strength at various temperatures, external-pressure charts, and other properties for the design of items covered by the various Code Sections. With the aid of several tables, they provide in-depth information about “where is what” in Section II, Part D, and in addition, they note that although much of the information in the various Subparts and Appendices of Section II, Part D was compiled in several places in earlier Code Section Editions, in current editions it is compiled entirely in Section II, Part D to reduce the length of, avoid the duplication of, and facilitate the use of the Code Sections. Thus their commentary can be a useful “road map” even for Users of earlier Code Sections, because it encapsulates—all in one place—information crucial to Designers and Practicing Engineers.

The Gas Pipeline Safety Research Committee (GPSRC) is one of several committees established by the ASME Center for Research and Technology Development. The scope and functions of the Research Committee are to Conceive, plan, and sponsor research required to increase the state of knowledge and practice related to pipeline safety Promote technology transfer Promote research concerning gas pipeline safety issues identified by other organizations Maintain liaison and cooperate with other relevant organizations regarding gas pipeline safety.