The generation of waste, whether industrial or residential, is a fact of life in our society today. Nearly everything we do creates some type of waste. It is estimated that United States alone generates 7.6 billion tons per year of industrial solid waste [1]. In 2015, more than 33 million tons of hazardous waste [2] and more than 262 million tons of municipal solid waste (MSW) were generated in United States [3].

Mankind is quickly approaching an age where fossil fuels, particularly coal, and petroleum and natural gas to some extent, have reached a point where they are under economic and policy pressures for meeting societal needs. Alternative energetic technologies are continually being developed and deployed, yet fossil fuels still supply more than 80% of the global energy demand. This need for finding alternative energetic sources lies amongst three key drivers: resource economics, geo-political conditions, and climate change. Development of promising alternative energy sources must be accelerated and the most promising options fully commercialized. Agricultural systems are uniquely positioned to supplement the present hydrocarbon economy by providing food, fuel and fiber to satisfy a growing global population.

The Sun is potentially a huge source of renewable, clean energy. Some estimate that sunlight could produce 10,000 times as much power as the Earth used at the turn of the 21st century. There are, however, major technological challenges to be met in harnessing that energy effectively. There are a number of different technologies available, and under development, that use sunlight to provide power.

Municipal Solid Waste is an important sustainable source of material and a low-carbon renewable energy. Material-from-Waste and Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants contribute to the diversion of biodegradable municipal waste from landfills and secure a noteworthy reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

This Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings Equipment and Systems is a direct result of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) initiative on Integrated/Sustainable Building Equipment and Systems (ISBES) which has the objective of filling voids in the literature and motivate advances on integrated energy systems in buildings. The main focus of this Volume I of the Handbook is on integrated energy systems and is organized from the current state of knowledge in areas of energy equipment and building energy modeling tools, to emerging topics in a wide range of areas encompassing combined heat and power, building energy storage systems, and advanced control strategies for mechanical energy systems in buildings. In addition, the integration of renewable energy and passive cooling and heating strategies is particularly addressed, closing with advanced techniques to analyze energy demands at the neighborhood and city scales. The contributors have a diverse set of skills and extensive experience in building engineering. The main audience for the Handbook are practitioners building engineers and researchers with the intention of finding current and emerging topics in a single source. This first introductory chapter summarizes the current state of building energy in the global energy sector, and provides a brief synthesis of the strategic areas that the Handbook addresses consistent with the ASME ISBES initiative. The introduction also highlights areas of challenges and opportunities for each of the focus areas, and discusses other topics that may need to be address in the future, and not covered in this Handbook. We hope the readers find the content relevant and useful to their practice and insightful to inspire new advances and developments of Energy Systems for Sustainable Buildings.

Photovoltaics, daylighting, passive solar heating and cooling, solar water heating, and solar ventilation air preheating are arguably the most relevant renewable energy technologies for implementation integral to an individual building or campus of buildings. This chapter provides an introduction to the operating principal of each technology, components and systems, applications, recent cost data, and examples.

Renewable energy technologies produce sustainable, clean energy from sources such as the sun, the wind, plants, and water. Renewable energy technologies have the potential to strengthen energy security, improve environmental quality, and contribute to a strong energy economy. Renewable energy systems can be deployed to meet renewable energy goals, operate facilities cost effectively, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

In this final section, we will examine issues related to Energy System Integration, or ESI. ESI addresses how increasing amounts of intermittent renewable energy generation can be controlled to realize energy cost savings and improve system reliability. This section will discuss some of the challenges and solutions to ESI at the building, substation, and grid level, as well as cost and process-related issues faced by the utility.

Energy and power needs in Taiwan are inadequate. Almost 99% of electric energy sources are heavily dependent on imports of oil, coal, and natural gas. The total power energy was 252.2 TW-hours in 2013, and the electricity generation was contributed by thermal power of 63.4%, nuclear power of 16.5%, co-generation of 15.9%, hydropower of 3.4%, and renewable energy of 0.8%. Within the thermal power of 63.4%, coal generated 34.4%, liquid natural gas 26.9%, and oil 2.1%. Contribution by coal power generation is large. Renewable generations of 0.8% consisted of wind and solar, which are small. However, the renewable generations, which were almost zero in 2000, increased drastically in 2013. Particularly, wind power has considerably developed.

The fundamental principles of hydrogen fusion make this process seem inevitable as a method of commercial power production. It is a clean power process, producing no harmful byproduct, using an inexhaustible supply of fuel, and hydrogen fusion is the source of all energy release in the larger universe, illumining countless galaxies with starlight. On a terrestrial, non-universal scale, hydrogen fusion can be accomplished on a table-top using a number of elementary procedures.

The increasing influence of renewable energy on the power flow in the distribution grid demands options for the distribution system operator to intervene. One opportunity is represented by variable grid fees which enable a causation-based allocation of grid costs by means of decentralized power feeds. According to the development of pricing in the communication sector two novel approaches are compared. On the one hand multivariable grid fees depending on the power flow, the location and the feeds of decentralized generation units. And on the other hand a flat-rate tariff with an additional usage-sensitive component.

This paper present a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model that was developed and implemented in General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) for the optimal planning of electricity generation schemes to achieve the renewable energy (RE) target as well as satisfy emission reduction target. The model applied two case studies on a new economic region in Malaysia known as Iskandar Malaysia. The optimization results show that, in order to achieve 40% carbon emission reduction and meeting the demand of 1997 MW by 2015 for Iskandar Malaysia, electricity generation from RES such as municipal solid waste (MSW) (103 MW), and biomass bubbling fluidized bed (BBFB) (mesofiber — 215 MW, EFB — 426 MW, and Kernel — 131 MW) are required with the remaining demand met by fossil fuels.

Sustainable energy planning, which is a challenging task for energy planners, is a viable solution to the problem of global warming and environmental degradation. Thus, to meet the growing energy needs of the people across the globe, it is necessary to take sustainability indicators into account. In this paper, a multi-objective resource allocation optimization model, which considers four sustainable indicators, for electrification of a remote area is proposed. The indicators that are incorporated into the model to assist the energy planner in determining the optimal mix of distributed energy resources include price of electricity generation, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, land use and water consumption. The first indicator is considered as a constraint while the latter three cases are treated to as objective functions to be minimized. This model is solved by Lingo 8.0 software and the obtained results are discussed.

Renewable energy technologies except for large hydroelectric power have, until recently, played a marginal role in most of the countries in terms of energy supply mix and it is no different in developing nations such as India. Global concerns about excessive consumption and mitigation efforts have put Renewable Energy Technologies on centre stage not merely because of their novelty but out of necessity. In this paper we attempt to put in perspective the opportunities and challenges that these emerging technologies face in a wide range of situations afforded by different countries in the region. Approach taken by different countries is analyzed with a peep through the recent historic information and its influence on present and future developments. An attempt is made to estimate future role of the renewable energy technologies in the energy market.

The generation of waste, whether industrial or residential, is a fact of life in our society today. Nearly everything we do creates some type of waste. It is estimated that the United States alone generates 7.6 billion tons per year of non-hazardous industrial waste [1], 48 million tons per year of hazardous waste [2], and 250 million tons per year of municipal solid waste (MSW) [3]. Many of the waste streams and industrial by-products we generate each year contain recoverable energy. Capturing and utilizing this energy can create a positive impact both economically and environmentally. It not only extends a material's life cycle, but it also reduces the volume of waste sent to landfills, conserves non-renewable resources, and helps reduce manufacturing costs by providing a lower cost alternative to the rising costs of energy and waste disposal. Depending on the waste and the fossil fuel it is replacing, it may even help reduce our carbon footprint. The volume of waste we generate continues to grow each year. In the United States, MSW generation has increased from 88 million tons in 1960 to 250 million tons in 2008 [4]. The amount of industrial waste has grown as well. Some of this increase is due to the fact that we have 120 million more people in the United States today than we did 50 years ago, but much of it is a result of our changing lifestyles and consumption habits. Today, we use significantly more disposable items than we did 50 years ago, and we have developed thousands of new chemicals, plastics, paints, and adhesives; all of which generate their own production by-products that need to be disposed of. Figure 15.1 shows the growth in MSW generation rates from 1960 to 2008.

Hydro Tasmania has developed a remote island power system in the Bass Strait, Australia, that achieves a high level of renewable energy penetration through the integration of wind and solar generation with new and innovative storage and enabling technologies. The ongoing development of the power system is focused on reducing or replacing the use of diesel fuel while maintaining power quality and system security in a low inertia system. In recent years Hydro Tasmania has undertaken several renewable energy developments on King Island with the aim to reduce dependence on diesel, reduce operating cost and greenhouse gas emissions, and demonstrate the potential for renewable energy penetration in power systems. This has been achieved through the substitution of diesel based generation with renewables such as wind and solar and the integration of enabling technologies such as storage and a dynamic frequency control resistor. The projects completed to date include: • Wind farm developments completed in 1997 and expanded to 2.25 MW in 2003; • Installation of a 200 kW, 800 kWh Vanadium Redox Battery (2003); • Installation of a two-axis tracking 100 kW solar photovoltaic array (2008), and • Development of a 1.5 MW dynamic frequency control resistor bank, that operates during excessive wind generation (2010).

Determining the optimal combination of energy resources and conversion devices in order to meet the energy requirements of a specific area is called energy planning. This action could be carried out at either centralized or decentralized level. Due to its benefits to environment and society, and in some instances to economy, the latter option has recently attracted great attention of energy planners and policy makers, in particular for satisfying energy demands of rural and isolated areas. In this paper, we develop a new multi-objective optimization model to find out the best combination of distributed energy resources, including demand-side management (DSM) and renewable energy technologies, in order to electrify a remote area. The model is coded by Lingo 8.0 software and the numerical results are presented.

The wind is rapidly becoming a practical source of energy for electric utilities around the world. In the U.S., development of commercial wind power plants (also referred to as wind power stations ) has been carried out largely by independent firms operating under the 1978 Public Regulatory and Policy Act (PURPA) either as independent power producers (IPP) or as qualifying facilities (QF). In the post-2000 period utilities have been investing directly in wind power plants and operating them like conventional generation. In the early 1980s utilities were concerned about many technical and economic issues regarding the integration of wind power plants into existing grids , which are highly-interactive networks of generating stations, transmission lines, and distribution wires. They feared possible adverse impacts from wind generation on critical performance and economic factors such as power quality, grid stability, automatic generation control, spinning reserve requirements, and capacity credits. As operating experience with wind power plants accumulates, many of these early fears are being dispelled. Since 1980 the installed capacity of wind power plants in the United States has grown dramatically surpassing 25,000 MW in 2008. This rise was kindled by financial incentives from federal and state governments and by rising prices for fossil fuels. More of this rapid growth is expected in the future, as other climate change drives the low carbon and other emission reductions. A similar process began in Europe in the early 1990s, and installed wind capacity there grew faster than the United States, driven by clean energy concerns and the lack of indigenous fossil fuel resources. By the end of 2007, installed capacity in Europe had exceeded 57,100 MW, 61 percent of the global total. World-wide, wind turbines totaling almost 100,000 MW of capacity are now generating 184 TW-hr of bulk power annually.

In modern building, it is the irresistible trend to combine intelligence and ecology, for such intelligence-ecology building, ecology is goal and intelligence is method. In such building, comfortable for human being and natural environment preservation is not conflict. In order to achieve the ecology goal, which means energy-saving, environmental-protection, and green-earth, and to utilize the natural resource in most efficient ways, it has to use the intelligent technology. In intelligence-ecology building, the comfortable for human body and zero-consumption of energy can be accomplished simultaneously by using intelligent technology to raise the solar energy usage substantially and to utilize the clean energy efficiently in heating, ventilating, refrigerating, and power-generating.

As clean substitute energy, the commercial development of renewable energy is slow. So this paper tries to deal with this problem from the substitution of renewable energy. Through Lotka-Volterra model, we set evolutionary model of renewable energy market system. And with which we analyze the market evolutionary character aimed on increasing the renewable energy supply. First, based on the rules of increasing the renewable energy supplement and the substitution, we define the evolutionary model of the renewable energy market and its structure. By adding time variable to the Lotka-Volterra model, we improve the basic Lotka-Volterra model, and get the system evolutionary model of the renewable energy market. Secondly, with the mean value method to solve the model, we analyze two kinds of relationships about the evolutionary system: the one is between the supply increase of renewable energy and the shrinking of the non- renewable energy, and the other is among the increment speed of the renewable energy supply, the shrinking of non-renewable energy and its system fluctuation. After the analysis, our reasoning comes down to four deductions which including the limits of the renewable energy supply, the relative independence and the growth in the renewable energy market. Lastly, combining of the above analysis, we discuss the enlightenment of the four corollaries on the industrialization policy of the renewable energy market.