Many structures such as boiler casings (Figure 7.1), submarine bulkheads, ship and barge hulls, ducts (Figure 7.2), aircraft components, and machine parts are designed in accordance with the general bending theory of plates. In this chapter, the pertinent equations of the bending theory of plates are developed, and examples are solved to demonstrate its applicability. These equations are applicable to thin plates subjected to small deflections. The majority of industrial applications encountered by the engineer fall under this category. Other theories dealing with thin plates with large deflections such as diaphragms, thick plates such as some tubesheets in heat exchangers, and composite and laminated plates in some aircraft components are beyond the scope of this book. Many of the references given at the end of the book delve into such theories, and the interested reader is encouraged to read them.

Circular plates are common in many structures such as nozzle covers, end closures in pressure vessels, and bulkheads in submarines and airplanes. The derivation of the classical equations for lateral bending of circular plates dates back to 1828 and is accredited to Poisson. He used polar coordinates to transfer the differential equations for the bending of a rectangular plate to circular plates. The first rigorous solution of the differential equation of circular plates for various loading and boundary conditions was made around 1900 and is credited to Love (1944).

The analysis of rectangular plates having concentrated loads, free edges, or column supports is exceedingly complicated when using the classical theory discussed in Chapters 7 and 8. Similar difficulty is encountered in circular plates with concentrated loads as well as triangular plates with various loading and boundary conditions. The analysis commonly used to solve such cases is based on the plastic yield line theory, which is discussed in this chapter.

When a thin elastic plate is subjected to compressive in-plane axial loads, in conjunction with small applied lateral loads or imperfections in the plate, the in-plane deflections increase gradually with an increase in the applied loads up to a certain critical point. Beyond this point a slight increase in axial loads causes a large and sudden increase in the deflection. This phenomenon, called buckling, is the subject of this chapter for circular and rectangular plates. A more comprehensive treatment of this subject is given by Timoshenko and Gere (1961), Bloom and Coffin (2001), Szilard (1974), and Iyengar (1988).

A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy from one fluid to another. The process involves two fluids. On the other hand, a cold plate involves only one fluid that is used to cool (or heat) a system. The general analysis and design principles for a cold plate are identical to those for a heat exchanger. Therefore, all discussion in this chapter will be confined to heat exchangers. Heat exchangers are normally used to cool the circulating fluid in electronic equipment.

The method involves counting thin steel plates for car chassis in stacks by using digital image processing and a software interface. First enhance the photo of the stacked plates to a clear intensity image. After manually selecting the region of interest by the user and detecting the lines of each plate, adjust the lines to the vertical direction by horizontally shearing the image against the inclination angle. Finally, count the number of plates in the picture by counting the intensity pitch. The approach is efficient and accurate in counting plates. It relies on two-dimensional processing and requires no mechanical equipment as the traditional means.

The manufacturing-oriented plates parts feature information modeling and process feature information modeling were proposed to establish a unified product information management model based on PLM, which was built on the analysis for the processing characteristics of plates parts. By the process decision-making study on casebased fuzzy similarity reasoning, the locating hierarchical process planning decision-making and auto-generation method was achieved.

Material is a fundamental link in the chain of ASME Code construction, and great care is taken to assure its quality. The ASME accomplishes this by adopting material specifications that have been developed and adopted first by the American Society for Testing and Materials, the ASTM. The ASME material specifications are thus usually identical to those of the ASTM. ASTM issues specifications designated by letter and number, for example, A-106, Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High Temperature Service. When the ASME adopts ASTM specifications, it adds the letter S. The equivalent ASME pipe specification is thus SA-106. In keeping with the ASME's policy to internationalize its Code, ASME has adopted a number of foreign material specifications. These are included in Section II, Part A as a single cover sheet for each specification (a complete material specification has not been reproduced in Section II, Part A, as is done for the ASTM material specifications). For example, Section I permits the use of SA/AS 1548, Steel Plates for Pressure Vessel Equipment, an Australian Standard Material Specification. If a boiler manufacturer chooses to use one of the permitted foreign material specifications in the construction of his Section I component, then he will be obliged to obtain a copy of the relevant material specification. The ASME or SA material specifications are used as purchase specifications. Each specification contains a variety of information appropriate to that product, dealing with how it is ordered, the manufacturing process, heat treatment, surface condition, chemical composition requirements, tensile requirements, hardness requirements, various test requirements, and how the material is to be marked. The purchaser can also specify nonmandatory supplementary requirements, dealing with such things as stress relieving, nondestructive examination, and additional testing. All of these requirements have evolved over the years in response to the needs of the users.

In this article, the governing equations of motion of thick laminated transversely isotropic plates are derived based on Reddy's third-order shear deformation theory. These equations are exactly converted to four uncoupled equations to study the in-plane and out-of-plane free vibrations of thick laminated plates without any usage of approximate methods. Based on the present analytical approach, exact Levy-type solutions are obtained for thick laminated transversely isotropic plates. The present solutions can accurately predict both the in-plane and transverse natural frequencies and mode shapes of thick laminated transversely isotropic plates.

In this paper, buckling behavior of a trapezoidal corrugated sandwich plate is studied. Finite element model of the symmetric and anti-symmetric sandwich plates with trapezoidal corrugated composite face sheets with glass fibers and epoxy matrix and a soft core is constructed in the ANSYS 12.0 standard code area using three-dimensional (3D) iso-parametric brick elements. The buckling modes of the sandwich plate under uniform transverse load are obtained and the effects of many parameters such as plate dimensions, trapezoidal shape and material properties of the core and face sheets on the buckling behavior of the present corrugated sandwich plate are studied. Also, the effects of various boundary conditions such as all edges simply supported (SSSS) and a combined boundary condition (SCSC) are investigated in the present paper. Comparison of the present results in special case with those of plate theories confirms the accuracy of the proposed finite element modeling and analysis. Numerical results indicated that, as the thickness ratio of the sandwich plate is decreased, the buckling modes have more dependency to the angle of the trapezoidal shape.

Based on the abroad and domestic achievements, a novel three gear-plates planet drive with small teeth difference used in robot is developed according to theory of mechanisms and gear mesh, and a national patent is granted. The composing elements, kinematic relationship and transmission ratio of the three gear-plates planet drive with small teeth difference are analyzed. 3-D virtual drive has been designed and all kinds of interferences have been checked with the software Pro/Engineer. Kinematic simulation of the drive is made with dynamic software ADAM and the transmission ratios and rotation speeds are validated. So a solid foundation to trial-manufacturing the drive is layed.

In this paper, automatic parking system and electronic parking fee collection based on vehicle number plate recognition is presented. This work aims to develop an automatic parking system that will increase convenience and security of the public parking lot as well as collecting parking fee without hassles of using magnetic card. The auto parking system is proposed to have less interaction of humans and use no magnetic card and its devices. Furthermore, it has parking guidance system that can show and guide user towards a parking space. The system used image processing of recognizing number plates for operation of parking and billing system. Overall, the systems run automatically to make minimum human involvement in parking system and ensure access control in restricted places. This paper presents algorithm technology based method for license plate extraction from car images followed by the segmentation of characters and reorganization and also develop electronics parking fee collection system based on number plate information.

This paper describes a study of three-dimensional vibration characteristics of functionally graded super-elliptical plates with different boundary conditions. The analysis is based on the three-dimensional small-strain, linear and elasticity theory. The Ritz method is applied to derive the frequency equation. The triplicate Chebyshev polynomial series form the backbones of the admissible functions, as modified by a characteristic boundary function to ensure the satisfaction of geometric boundary conditions of the plate. The accuracy of these results is verified by appropriate convergence studies and checked with the available literature as well as the 3-D theory.

Many components in pressurized equipment operating in the creep range consist of beams and flat plates in bending. These include piping components, internal catalyst supports, nozzle covers, and tubesheets. In this chapter, the characteristics of beams in bending are studied first, followed by an evaluation of flat circular plates in bending. The characteristics of beams in bending operating in the creep range have been studied by many engineers and researchers. Theoretically, the analysis is based on the following Norton's relationship correlating stress and strain rate in the creep regime as discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 and as given by d ε ∕ d T = k ′ σ n where k = constant n = creep exponent, which is a function of material property and temperature dε∕d T = strain rate σ = stress This equation, however, is impractical to use for most problems encountered by the engineer as discussed in Section 2.1. A simpler method, referred to as the stationary stress or the elastic analog method, is normally used to solve beam bending problems and is given by ε = K ′ σ n

Chapter 7, authored by Thomas J. Ahl for the first Edition, and co-authored by Marcus N. Bressler for the second Edition, provides commentary on Section III, Subsections NC and ND. This commentary addresses pressure atmospheric tanks, and 0–15 psig tanks as presented in the ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Division 1, Subsection NC, Class 2 Components and Subsection ND, Class 3 Components. This chapter does not address piping, pumps, and valves; these are addressed in Chapter 8 for Class 2 and Class 3 Piping, and in Chapter 13 for Nuclear Pumps and Valves. This chapter discusses, in order, each of the eight major Code Articles: Introduction; Materials; Design, Fabrication and Installation; Examination; Testing; Overpressure Protection and Name Plates; and Stamping and Reports. In the 1971 Edition, Subsection NB was fully developed in the evolution of the Nuclear Codes; all other were written by using the outline established for NB. Consequently, many of the basic paragraphs contained in Subsection NB and other reference documents were included verbatim in both Subsections NC and ND, when the subsections were published as separate volumes in the 1974 Edition. Subsections NC and ND are a combination of rules and requirements taken from Section III, Subsection NB and Section VIII. In Chapter 7, Thomas has referenced all of these Codes and meticulously identified both obvious and subtle differences between Subsection NB, the parent Code, and Subsections NC and ND. Thus, because Thomas addresses the Articles of Subsections NC and ND in this part of the commentary, he presents comparisons, the most probable source of origin of the Code requirements, certain insights as well as contradictions that seem to exist, and the specific source document and some of the underlying theory. He provides cross-references to other Code Sections/Subsections/Paragraphs where applicable. Marcus has taken this work and simplified it where possible, and updated it to the 2007 Edition.

A composite material comprising Nylon-6 and S316L stainless steel alloy fibers to be fabricated bipolar plates is studied. The PEMFC plates are fabricated via an injection molding process, which yields better production rates than coating or treating metal plates with a suitable surface material. It is shown that the developed composite material has a suitable combination of properties and processability for PEMFC bipolar plate applications. Specifically, the chemical and electrochemical properties of the plates are found to be stable, and the plates demonstrate good anti-corrosion characteristics, resulting in an enhanced electrical conductivity, a stable cell performance, and an extended cell life.

This paper deals with the problem of free vibration and buckling of rectangular plates subjected to non-uniform normal in-plane loading. At first, the governing equation has been derived and solved for the free vibration and buckling of the plate, by using power series solution. In this way, the natural frequencies of plates for various type of loading have been estimated. As a result, the buckling critical loads have been obtained when the value of natural frequencies approaches zero. In order to have a comparison between the obtained results and those of analytical solutions, the problem has been analytically solved for a specific type of loading. Finally, the effect of the various parameters has been investigated.

The preferred numbering system has played a major role in the development of metric standards. This is a geometrical series of numbers adopted worldwide. Its first known application was in the 1870's by Charles Renard, a French army captain who reduced the different diameters of rope for military balloons from 425 to 17. The R5, R10 and R20 series refers to the Renard 5 (first-choice sizes 60 % increments), Renard 10 (second-choice sizes 25 % increments) and Renard 20 (third-choice sizes 12 % increments) series of preferred numbers standardized in ISO 3. Preferred sizes are shown in ANSI B4.2 and ISO 497. You might want to extend the preferred metric size range, which, is shown from 4 to 40, simply by multiplying or dividing the numbers shown in Table 4-1 by 10 or multiples of 10. The preferred metric sizes are used for nominal sizes in countries where the metric system has been in use for several years. Here is how the preferred metric nominal sizes were developed and how these chosen sizes reflect preferred metric standard sizes for threaded fasteners, steel plates, sheets, bars, etc already in use throughout the world.

Chapter 7, authored by Thomas J. Ahl for the first Edition, and co-authored by Marcus N. Bressler for the second Edition, provides commentary on Section III, Subsections NC and ND. This commentary addresses pressure vessels, atmospheric tanks, and 0–15 psig tanks as presented in the ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Division 1, Subsection NC, Class 2 Components and Subsection ND, Class 3 Components. This chapter does not address piping, pumps, and valves; these are addressed in Chapters XX for Class 2 and Class 3 Piping, and in Chapter 13 for Nuclear Pumps and Valves. The chapter discusses, in order, each of the eight major Code Articles: Introduction; Materials; Design, Fabrication and Installation; Examination; Testing; Overpressure Protection and Name Plates; and Stamping and Reports. In the 1971 Edition, Subsection NB was fully developed in the evolution of the Nuclear Codes; all other were written by using the outline established for NB. Consequently, many of the basic Paragraphs contained in Subsection NB and other reference documents were included verbatim in both Subsections NC and ND, when the subsections were published as separate volumes in the 1974 Edition. Subsections NC and ND are a combination of rules and requirements taken from Section III, Subsection NB; Section VIII, 9.5 In Chapter 7, Thomas has referenced all of these Codes and meticulously identified both obvious and subtle differences between Subsection NB, the parent Code, and Subsections NC and ND. Thus, because Thomas addresses the Articles of Subsections NC and ND in this part of the commentary, he presents comparisons, the most probable source of origin of the Code requirements, certain insights as well as contradictions that seem to exist, and the specific source document and some of the underlying theory. He provides cross-references to other Code Sections∕Subsections∕Paragraphs where applicable. Marcus has taken this work and simplified it where possible, and updated it to the 2004 Edition.

Many structures such as boiler casings (Fig. 1-1), submarine bulkheads, ship and barge hulls, building slabs, (Fig. 1-2), aircraft components, and machine parts are designed in accordance with the general bending theory of plates. In this and subsequent chapters, the pertinent equations of the bending theory of plates are developed and examples are solved to demonstrate its applicability. These equations are applicable to thin plates subjected to small deflections. The majority of industrial applications encountered by the engineer fall under this category. Other theories dealing with thin plates with large deflections such as diaphragms; thick plates such as some tubesheets in heat exchangers; and composite and laminated plates in some aircraft components are beyond the scope of this book. Many of the references given at the end of the book delve into such theories and the interested reader is encouraged to read them.