The radiofrequency (RF) power in the 0.3∼30 MHz band is often used for coagulation, ablation, and modification of tissues in medicine while in the lower frequency band both shock waves and cavitation may occur, which has found applications in lithotripsy for stone fragmentation and water purification. In this study, we demonstrate that single oscillating bubble is produced at the electrode tip in cell culture medium, which avoids the random inception of cavitation in liquid. With high-speed image recordings and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectrum analysis, the frequency of the bubble oscillations is found to be dependent on the driven radio frequency, electrode diameter and the supplied voltage. With microelectrodes that are incorporated into flexible fibers (2-6 Fr), sustained oscillation is generated in the frequency range of 5.7-17 kHz. The oscillation frequency decreases with the radio frequency and electrode diameter, while an optimum voltage exists to reach maximum frequency of bubble oscillation. The RF power supply also offers flexibility to control the bubble dynamics with different voltage waveforms, duty cycles and pulse repetition rate.

Automotive battery packs for electric vehicles typically consist of a large number of battery cells. These cells must be assembled together with robust mechanical and electrical joints. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of joining technologies for automotive lithium-ion battery manufacturing. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of the different joining technologies as related to battery manufacturing, including ultrasonic welding, resistance welding, laser beam welding, wire-bonding, and mechanical joining. Joining processes for electrode-to-tab, tab-to-tab, tab-to-busbar, and module-to-module assembly are discussed with respect to cell types and pack configuration. This chapter also describes the basic concepts in ultrasonic welding, serving as the foundation for the rest of the book.

A Power Lab System (AD Instruments, Australia) was used for heartbeat recordings. For human EKGs, (abbreviation after Willem Einthoven), commercially available EKG electrodes were used. They are available worldwide, for example, a set of ready-made three AgAgCl electrodes (Vitrode V, Nihonkoden Co. Ltd. Tokyo). EKG signals were transferred to a Power Lab System. Finger pulse recordings were also used with it. For crustacean model animals' EKG, permanently mounted metal electrodes were used—they were glued on the carapace. The metal electrodes, + and –, were reaching the surface of the heart through small holes made on the carapace. All subjects and specimens were treated as per the ethical regulations of Tokyo Metropolitan University. 2.1 Data Acquisition and Ethics 2.2 The Healthy Heart and Its Scaling Exponent 2.3 Animal Models 2.4 The Heart Science History 2.5 Evolution of the Heart 2.6 Peng's DFA 2.7 DFA Programs 2.8 mDFA 2.9 Box 2.10 Processes in DFA and mDFA 2.11 Scaling Graphs

Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the most popular nonconventional machining processes. During Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) the process parameters plays a very important role in deciding the material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear (EW). In the present investigation mild steel specimens have been machined by using Electric Discharge Machining (EDM). The material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear (EW), thus, measured have been correlated with the machining parameters such as, spark current, pulse on time and pulse off time by the use of response surface methodology (RSM). The equations, thus, derived have been used to find out the effect of machining parameters on the material removal rate (MRR) and electrode wear (EW) during Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) process.

A compact CMUT structure with movable floating gate is presented. The new active CMUT structure comprises two traditional CMUT electrodes and MOS transistor well beneath it. Its spice model on DC analysis and transient analysis with time-varying capacitor are investigated. It exhibits low overall parasitic capacitance and low output impedance compared with traditional one. According to Cadence simulation results, the output signal amplitude is 54 uV, while the noise floor is 33.21 nV/Hz 1/2 at 1MHz operation frequency of CMUT receiver, and the output impedance is only about 153Q. These results show advantages to make an interesting potential application on CMUT array imaging.

A low cost water electrolysis cell is designed in order to enhance hydrogen production efficiency. The design is based on the available published literature on different efficiency aspects of electrolytic hydrogen production. Power dissipation of this design is minimized by using a novel physical apparatus Shape. Moreover, the shape, size and the alignment of the electrodes are modified. A pulse width modulation power regulator drives the system to the required current, current density or power for a wide range of unregulated input voltage levels. This feature gives the system the ability to be a part of a larger array of theoretically any number of electrolyzers in order to make the production facility able to run under a vast range of consumable power. The latter mentioned, makes the introduced electrolyzer to be a proper tool of storing the surplus production of different types of renewable energy sources.

Owing to that the EAF electrode regulator system has nonlinear, delay, random characters; the sliding mode control with good robustness was combined with the fuzzy control which is not entirely depend on the model. A fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) strategy was proposed and applied to electrode regulator system. This paper presents the simulations of periodic arc length disturbance and random arc length disturbance. Simulation results show that the fuzzy sliding mode control not only can reduce the system error that caused by the uncertainty of the system, but also enhance the system against internal disturbances and external disturbances. Furthermore, it can effectively solve the system chattering problem.

The experimental research was made on superficial layers laid-down through electrical sparking on the steel carbon OL 37 probes, the used electrode being made from a corrosion resistant material (Aluminum). The experiments where for the superficial treatment through impulse electrical discharges, made with the ELITRON 22A equipment, using an Al electrode of some parallelepiped probes with the surfaces of 0,00127512 m2, from steel carbon OL 37 brand, the probes plane surfaces where previously prepared. Preparing the surfaces presumes a thorough treatment and degrease with a powerful solvent. The treatment through electrical discharges where made manually, the active electrode is under a 60° angle with the treated surface. The probes on which the superficial treatment was made through impulse electrical discharges where individually weighted on the analytic balance at different time intervals, determining the corrosion process speed. The fine determining of the topography surfaces exposed to the action of the corrosive environment was made using the atomic force microscopy (AFM). For a comparative analysis of the effect of the corrosive environment on the superficial treated probes and on the untreated ones, a series of determinations have targeted the analysis of the surfaces of a probe subjected to the corrosive action of the environment, in the same conditions as the superficial treated probes but without the protection of the surfaces of the probe. The lack of the superficial layer permitted the corrosive environment a massive and pronounced attack on the probes material. The images on the original probe, resulted from the atomic force microscopy (AFM), indicate that after the action of the corrosive environment, shows unevenness, with material loss, which can be noted on the whole surface of the probe. In certain higher portions of the probes material, as a result of different phases from the structure, it was 1œconsumed1 less intense.

Chapter 3 has multiple authors, and in Chapter 3.1, History of Materials in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code , Domenic Canonico traces the chronological evolution of materials and associated technologies, from the need for materials to accommodate riveted construction to the acceptance of fusion welding as a fabrication process. Included in this discussion are the application of advanced materials, the revisions to the basis for setting allowable stress values, and the acceptance of Material Specifications other than those approved by ASTM. Also covered is the evolution of materials, from their humble beginning as a 35-page inclusion in the 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code to the 3994-page, four-Part 2001 Edition of Section II of the ASME B&PV Code. Chapter 3.1 provides some insight not only into the materials needed for the design and fabrication of power boilers but also into the determination of the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. With the aid of tables, Domenic discusses the Material Specifications from the 1914 through the present Code Editions. Chapter 3.2, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, discusses Code Section II, Part A— Ferrous Material Specifications , adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. They note that all materials accepted by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Parts A, B, or C, or referenced in Appendix A of Part A—except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Discussions in Chapter 3.2 include The Organization of Section II, Part A, Guideline on the Approval of New Materials, Appendices, and Interpretations. In Chapter 3.3, Dennis W. Rahoi provides the basis of and commentary on Section II, Part B— Nonferrous Material Specifications , adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. He notes that all materials allowed by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part B or referenced in Appendix A of Part B-except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Dennis discusses alloy definitions; the organization of Section II, Part B Appendices; the acceptable ASTM Editions; Nonmandatory guidelines; the guideline on the Approval of New Materials; the allowable stresses for alloys; and the basis for material acceptance for Code Construction. Dennis also provides cross-references to weldability; ASME Code Sections I, III, IV, VIII, and IX; and Piping Codes B31.1 and B31.3. Chapter 3.4, authored by Marvin Carpenter, discusses Section II, Part C— Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals . Welding plays a major role in the fabrication of pressure vessels and related components to the requirements of the ASME B&PV Code. Marvin provides the basis for the Specifications and Standards enveloped by Section II, Part C and their relations to the ANSI/AWS specifications. Marvin indicates that Section II, Part C does not include all the welding and brazing materials available to the industry—only those Specifications applicable to ASME Code Construction. Discussions also include Code Cases pertinent to this chapter. Chapter 3.4 highlights the major features of the Welding Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part C and the relationship of these Specifications to other Sections of the Code, including Section IX. Included are the electrode classification system, material descriptions, welding material applications, welding material procurement, and filler-metal certification. Chapter 3.4 should prove useful for one to gain a basic understanding of ASME/AWS Welding Material Classification and Specification. Chapter 3.5, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, covers Section II, Part D— Properties . The coverage includes properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the Code for design of B&PV and nuclear power plant components. This coverage includes tables of maximum allowable stresses and design-stress intensities for the materials adopted by the various Code Sections, as well as a discussion of yield strength and tensile strength at various temperatures, external-pressure charts, and other properties for the design of items covered by the various Code Sections. With the aid of several tables, they provide in-depth information about “where is what” in Section II, Part D, and in addition, they note that although much of the information in the various Subparts and Appendices of Section II, Part D was compiled in several places in earlier Code Section Editions, in current editions it is compiled entirely in Section II, Part D to reduce the length of, avoid the duplication of, and facilitate the use of the Code Sections. Thus their commentary can be a useful “road map” even for Users of earlier Code Sections, because it encapsulates—all in one place-information crucial to Designers and Practicing Engineers.

We solve the tetrode microbridge dynamic system problem and its variational equations to determine the largest Lyapunov exponent. We have characterized the dynamic behavior of Josephson tetrode, which consists of five weak-link Josephson junctions for different values of one of the control parameters. We determined the region of control space where noisy oscillation at frequencies of hundreds of gigahertz occurs. Other regions show periodic oscillations. Stewart-McCumber resistive shunt model for NbN electrodes is used in the numerical analysis. We calculate the largest Lyapunov exponent through Gram-Schmitt reorthonormalization algorithm using the dynamics of electrical voltages across the junctions when one of the normal resistances is varied. Result confirms the existence of chaotic oscillation in microbridge device in specified control parameter range.

This document provides recommendations for the sampling and analytical testing required to maintain the suggested water chemistry limits outlined in the “Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Modern Industrial Boilers” and the “Consensus on Operating Practices for Control of Water and Steam Chemistry in Combined Cycle and Cogeneration Power Plants.” The boilers covered by these recommendations are: • industrial water tube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type with superheaters and∕or process restrictions on steam purity • industrial water tube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type without superheaters • industrial fire tube, high duty, primary fuel fired • industrial coil type, water tube, high duty, primary fuel fired • marine propulsion, water tube, oil fired, drum type • electrode type, high voltage, recirculating jet type • single pressure industrial heat recovery steam generators

The particular test method selected will depend upon the accuracy required, particular test equipment available and labor allocation available. One or more of the following analytical techniques are used: • Gravimetric • Spectrophotometric • Colorimetric • Titrametric • Ion Chromotography • Atomic Adsorption or Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy • Ion Selective Electrodes (TSE) • Specialized Vendor Test Kits and Automated Monitors Commercial test kits are available from numerous sources. The procedures used with these test kits are often based on the ASTM and Standard Method references (cf. Table 4) or modifications thereof. Attention should be given to the interferences and other considerations listed for each test to be performed prior to sampling. Table 4 provides a list of these. Some general considerations are: • Calibrate analytical equipment as outlined by the manufacturer. • Clean and store probes as outlined by the manufacturer. • Avoid reagent and sample contamination by keeping containers capped; and by working in a well-ventilated dust and fume free area. Avoid reagent contamination by proper handling. • Adhere to the supplier's reagent shelf life recommendations. • When preparing standards or reagents on-site, ensure that the reagents used are prepared and standardized as outlined in the specific test method. Adhere to the shelf life constraints in the procedure. • Continuous sampling for on-line monitors should have the samples pre-cooled to 25°C [77°F], even if temperature compensators are used. The continuous sample flow should be sufficient to ensure the cell chamber is continuously flooded and no dissolved or entrained gases are released. Typical flow range of these prefiltered, constant temperature samples should be in the range of 40 to 500 milliliters per minute.

Chapter 3 has multiple authors, and in Chapter 3.1, History of Materials in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Domenic Canonico traces the chronological evolution of materials and associated technologies, from the need for materials to accommodate riveted construction to the acceptance of fusion welding as a fabrication process. Included in this discussion are the application of advanced materials, the revisions to the basis for setting allowable stress values, and the acceptance of Material Specifications other than those approved by ASTM. Also covered is the evolution of materials, from their humble beginning as a 35-page inclusion in the 1914 Edition of the Boiler Code to the 3994-page, four-Part 2001 Edition of Section II of the ASME B&PV Code. Chapter 3.1 provides some insight not only into the materials needed for the design and fabrication of power boilers but also into the determination of the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure. With the aid of tables, Domenic discusses the Material Specifications from the 1914 through the present Code Editions. Chapter 3.2, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, discusses Code Section II, Part A—Ferrous Material Specifications, adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. They note that all materials accepted by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Parts A, B, or C, or referenced in Appendix A of Part A—except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Discussions in Chapter 3.2 include The Organization of Section II, Part A, Guideline on the Approval of New Materials, Appendices, and Interpretations. In Chapter 3.3, Dennis W. Rahoi provides the basis of and commentary on Section II, Part B—Nonferrous Material Specifications, adopted by ASME for the construction of boiler, pressure vessel, and nuclear power plant components. He notes that all materials allowed by the various Code Sections and used for construction within the scope of the Code Sections' rules must be furnished in accordance with the Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part B or referenced in Appendix A of Part B—except where otherwise provided in the ASME Code Cases or in the applicable Code Section. Dennis discusses alloy definitions; the organization of Section II, Part B Appendices; the acceptable ASTM Editions; Nonmandatory guidelines; the guideline on the Approval of New Materials; the allowable stresses for alloys; and the basis for material acceptance for Code Construction. Dennis also provides cross-references to weldability; ASME Code Sections I, III, IV, VIII, and IX; and Piping Codes B31.1 and B31.3. Chapter 3.4, authored by Marvin Carpenter, discusses Section II, Part C—Specification for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals. Welding plays a major role in the fabrication of pressure vessels and related components to the requirements of the ASME B&PV Code. Marvin provides the basis for the Specifications and Standards enveloped by Section II, Part C and their relations to the ANSI∕AWS specifications. Marvin indicates that Section II, Part C does not include all the welding and brazing materials available to the industry—only those Specifications applicable to ASME Code Construction. Discussions also include Code Cases pertinent to this chapter. Chapter 3.4 highlights the major features of the Welding Material Specifications contained in Section II, Part C and the relationship of these Specifications to other Sections of the Code, including Section IX. Included are the electrode classification system, material descriptions, welding material applications, welding material procurement, and filler-metal certification. Chapter 3.4 should prove useful for one to gain a basic understanding of ASME∕AWS Welding Material Classification and Specification. Chapter 3.5, authored by Richard Moen and Elmar Upitis, covers Section II, Part D—Properties. The coverage includes properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the Code for design of B&PV and nuclear power plant components. This coverage includes tables of maximum allowable stresses and design-stress intensities for the materials adopted by the various Code Sections, as well as a discussion of yield strength and tensile strength at various temperatures, external-pressure charts, and other properties for the design of items covered by the various Code Sections. With the aid of several tables, they provide in-depth information about “where is what” in Section II, Part D, and in addition, they note that although much of the information in the various Subparts and Appendices of Section II, Part D was compiled in several places in earlier Code Section Editions, in current editions it is compiled entirely in Section II, Part D to reduce the length of, avoid the duplication of, and facilitate the use of the Code Sections. Thus their commentary can be a useful “road map” even for Users of earlier Code Sections, because it encapsulates—all in one place—information crucial to Designers and Practicing Engineers.

The six classes of boilers covered in this document are: industrial watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type with superheaters and turbine drives and/or process restrictions on steam purity. This class excludes heat recovery system generators installed in gas turbine exhaust systems. industrial watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired, drum type with out superheaters and/or process restrictions on steam purity industrial firetube, high duty, primary fuel fired industrial coil type, watertube, high duty, primary fuel fired rapid steam generators marine propulsion, watertube, oil fired, drum type electrode type, high voltage, recirculating jet type