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Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels, Third Edition
By
James R. Farr
James R. Farr
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Maan H. Jawad
Maan H. Jawad
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ISBN-10:
0791802396
No. of Pages:
312
Publisher:
ASME Press
Publication date:
2006

Openings through the pressure boundary of a vessel require extra care to keep loadings and stresses at an acceptable level. Loads may be generated from both internal and external pressure and from applied external loadings. An examination of the pressure boundary may indicate that extra material is needed near the opening to keep stresses from loadings at an acceptable level. This may be provided by increasing the wall thickness of the shell or nozzle or by adding a reinforcement plate around the opening. At some openings, there may be a nozzle to which is attached external piping generating external forces and moments from dead loads or thermal expansion. At other openings only a blind flange or flat cover with little or no available reinforcement may exist.

In designing openings, two types of stresses are important: primary stresses, including both primary membrane stress and primary bending stress; and peak stresses for fatigue evaluation. Although UG-22 of VIII-1 and AD-110 of VIII-2 require that both types be considered when evaluating loadings, in VII-1 rules are given only for calculating the primary membrane stresses.

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Code Bases for Acceptability of Opening
5.3 Terms and Definitions
5.4 Reinforced Openings—General Requirements
5.4.1 Replacement Area
5.4.2 Reinforcement Limits
5.5 Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-1
5.5.1 Openings With Inherent Compensation
5.5.2 Shape and Size of Openings
5.5.3 Area of Reinforcement Required
5.5.4 Limits of Reinforcement
5.5.5 Area of Reinforcement Available
5.5.6 Openings Exceeding Size Limits of Section 5.5.2.2
5.6 Reinforced Opening Rules, VIII-2
5.6.1 Definitions
5.6.2 Openings Not Requiring Reinforcement Calculations
5.6.3 Shape and Size of Openings
5.6.4 Area of Reinforcement Required
5.6.5 Limits of Reinforcement
5.6.6 Available Reinforcement
5.6.7 Strength of Reinforcement Metal
5.6.8 Alternative Rules for Nozzle Design
5.7 Ligament Efficiency Rules, VIII-1
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