2. Conventional Processing Methods

The world is currently experiencing a time of rapid changes that require resilient energy generation as well as adaptation to uncertain conditions. For instance, in 2018, the demand for energy in the world was predicted to grow by more than 25% until 2040 (IEA, 2018). Due to slower global economic growth in 2019, the global energy demand increased by less than half the rate of the previous year (IEA, 2020a). It can be said that the world was not prepared for the events of 2020, where the COVID-19 pandemic caused more disruption to the energy sector than any other event in recent history (IEA, 2020b), with impacts that will be felt for years and uncertain predictions of future demand and supply. In addition, the recent sixth assessment report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concludes that widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere have occurred unequivocally due to human influence in warming the atmosphere, ocean, and land (IPCC, 2021).