Many process components such as heat exchangers operate with a single-phase fluid. As well, tubes near the inlet region and preheater of two-phase heat exchangers, such as a nuclear steam generator, are exposed to single-phase cross flow. In single-phase cross flow, three major mechanisms can lead to tube failure in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger: fluidelastic instability, periodic wake shedding, and random excitation forces. Both fluidelastic instability and periodic wake shedding can cause large amplitude vibrations in a tube bundle and quickly lead to catastrophic tube failure. However, random excitation forces cause comparatively small-amplitude vibrations that will not lead to short-term...